As part of a package of legislative measures concerning cybercrime, the Dutch State Secretary for Security and Justice proposes to criminalize virtual grooming, that is the grooming of a person of minor age who, for example, does only exist as an online creature. The legislator’s principle argument for criminalization is based on the harm principle. This article examines the possibility of founding the criminalization of virtual grooming on this principle.

‘I felt so sorry for you, such a lovely tool, and then you have no users!’ This was one of the comments after my presentation of the eKantonrechter at ODR 2016, organized by HiiL in The Hague in May 2016. ODR, online dispute resolution, was presented as a tool to solve all problems in the 4^th Trend Report by HIIL after the conference. Arno Lodder, in a weblog, commented that ODR had raised hopes in its early promoters, but had not really taken off.
ODR is a tool to help parties in the dispute resolve their problem. There are various examples of ODR tool: supporting double blind bidding to determine a sum of money, working out divorce settlements, negotiating a solution and taking a case to court.
Interesting research questions abound in the area of ODR and its users: What paths do people take when trying to resolve a problem? How can people have ownership of their court procedure? How can solutions, ODR and court procedures, best be tailored to the type of problem?
ODR and its users is a field in which law and society researchers can effectively contribute to improving digital problem solving and dispute resolution procedures in court.

In this article Bart Schermer, describes the difficulties in regulating the internet. The global reach of the internet, the fact that it is for the most part owned by private actors and creates opportunities for anonymity challenge regulators. The article describes issues related to sovereignty and jurisdiction, ambiguity in legal texts and dependence on private sector actors. Possible solutions lie in global internet governance, institutional innovation and the internet’s architecture itself.

A second empirical revolution in law is in full swing: legal big data have made their entrance and will play an increasingly important role in the legal field. Legal big data, for example, increase the accessibility and transparency of files. They make it easier for legislators to find out how society views proposed legislation. Using big data, all jurisprudence can be processed very easily and judicial decisions can be predicted with a high degree of certainty. The contribution concludes with a number of legal and ethical issues and methodological challenges in relation to legal big data, such as ownership, privacy and representativeness.

In light of the high numbers of persons entering the EU via the southern borders and the current uneven distribution of asylum seekers (five Member States of the EU currently received in 2014 more than 70% of the total amount of refugees), there is a clear and urgent need for the EU ministers to ensure a fairer distribution of asylum seekers within the EU. The Dublin Regulation’s system of allocating the responsibility for an asylum request does not offer a solution for this challenge, also because Member States cannot have a blind faith in the standards of a number of states for processing asylum requests. There are significant differences in the application of the law and the procedures.

Het artikel behandelt het voorstel van de Commissie van 7 februari 2013 om een richtlijn in te voeren ter verhoging van het algehele niveau van beveiliging van netwerk- en informatiesystemen in de Europese Unie. Het voorstel vormt een onderdeel van de cyber security-strategie van de Commissie. De auteurs plaatsen kanttekeningen bij (de effectiviteit van) de gekozen maatregelen en de implementatie daarvan in het licht van een uitgebreide beschrijving van de voorliggende problematiek. Zij onderschrijven echter de noodzaak tot het treffen van maatregelen op Europees niveau en sluiten af met hun aanbevelingen ter versterking van het voorstel en de cyber security-strategie.Voorstel voor een Richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad houdende maatregelen om een hoog gemeenschappelijk niveau van netwerk- en informatiebeveiliging in de Unie te waarborgen, COM(2013)48 final

Een van de nieuwste ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van media door toezichthouders is het produceren van gedramatiseerde films, om ondernemers voor te lichten over het toezicht en af te schrikken. Met name in het mededingingstoezicht hebben mededingingsautoriteiten in verschillende landen realistische ‘docudrama’s’ geproduceerd waarin fictieve kartels worden ontmaskerd en bestraft. In deze bijdrage bespreek ik de vier belangrijkste ‘clementiefilms’ van dit moment: ‘Clementie in kartelzaken’ van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit; de ‘Competition Compliance film’ van de Britse Office of Fair Trading; het Australische ‘The Marker’ van de ACCC; en de Zweedse film ‘Be the first to tell – a film about leniency’. Hoewel de verhaallijnen in de films overeenkomsten vertonen, hebben ze inhoudelijk verschillende boodschappen. In deze bijdrage wordt een vergelijking gemaakt van de vorm en inhoud van deze films, en worden ze afgezet tegen inzichten uit sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de achtergrond van mededingingsovertredingen om een indruk te geven van de mogelijke bijdrage van deze films aan de naleving.

The rapid and ongoing development of the Internet has greatly affected new types and sources of conflict but also the ways conflicts are handled. Nowadays, more and more mediation service providers offer online tools to manage conflicts, going from fully e-supported mediations to hybrid mediations which are partly face to face (F2F) and partly computerized. Despite the increasing use of different types of e-supported mediation, practitioners and scholars know little about their effects or under which conditions different types of e-supported tools are best used. This contribution focuses on the role e-tools may play in text based mediations (mainly labor and divorce mediations) which are mediated by a human mediator. We hope to provide third parties of all sort (mediators, practitioners, consultants, managers, etc.) with practical guidelines for the use of e-supported mediation.

Criminological research on perceptions and behavior in an environmental context, scarcely uses virtual environments. Such virtual environments are available on the Internet or can be created. They can be presented to research participants either online or in a laboratory setting. This article gives a brief overview of criminological studies employing a virtual environment and describes a case study that used a virtual environment in order to investigate disorder. Despite the pitfalls, there are certainly possibilities for (criminological) research in virtual environments. The spatial context provided by a virtual environment, seems suitable for research in environmental criminology in particular.

All rights in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) apply to all children, therefore they also apply to minor foreigners in the Netherlands. Nevertheless precisely for this group a continuous fight needs to be battled to make sure they receive the protection provided by the CRC. This article provides an overview of the most important articles of the CRC where minor asylum seekers and migrants can appeal to. The article also stresses the fact that children who reside unlawfully in the country may not be discriminated against their access to socio-economic rights. Furthermore, the question whether fully integrated children should have the right to a residency permit is dealt with. Subsequently the Dutch policy with regard to family reunification is assessed alongside the CRC. At last the article elaborates on the tension between the ‘ultimum remedium’ principle (article 37 CRC) on the one hand and the policy concerning children in alien detention on the other.

Eind november 2011 heeft de Europese Commissie een tweetal voorstellen op het gebied van de geschillenbeslechting voor consumenten gepubliceerd. Het betreft een voorstel voor een richtlijn betreffende alternatieve beslechting van consumentengeschillen (ADR)¹x COM(2011) 793. en een voorstel voor een verordening inzake online beslechting van consumentengeschillen (ODR).²x COM(2011) 794. In deze bijdrage worden de hoofdlijnen van beide voorstellen geschetst, waarbij de nadruk op het richtlijnvoorstel zal liggen. Bij dat voorstel doet zich de vraag voor of ons huidige stelsel van buitengerechtelijke geschillenbeslechting met de voorgestelde regulering verenigbaar is. Dat vergt een uiteenzetting over het huidige Nederlandse stelsel. De geschillenbeslechting in het buitenland blijft in deze bijdrage on(der)belicht. De hier te bespreken voorstellen alsmede de bijbehorende Impact assessment zijn te vinden op de website van de Europese Commissie.³x <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/directive_adr_nl.pdf>, <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/odr_regulation_nl.pdf> en <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/impact_assessment_adr_en.pdf>. Datzelfde geldt voor de voorbereidende studies die de Europese Commissie heeft laten uitvoeren.⁴x Zie het overzicht bij het voorstel voor de ADR-richtlijn, p. 3. Het ADR-voorstel sluit aan bij de Mededeling van de Commissie Akte voor de interne markt ⁵x COM(2011) 206 def, <ec.europa.ey/internal_market/smact/docs/20110413-communication_en.pdf>. en het ODR-voorstel bij het Europa 2020-vlaggenschipinitiatief Digitale agenda voor Europa. ⁶x COM(2010) 245 def, <ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/documents/digital-agenda-communication-en.pdf>.

Noten

• * Deze bijdrage is geschreven op persoonlijke titel. De auteur dankt mr. H. Temmink voor zijn nuttige kanttekeningen bij een eerdere versie van deze bijdrage.

• 1 COM(2011) 793.

• 2 COM(2011) 794.

• 3 <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/directive_adr_nl.pdf>, <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/odr_regulation_nl.pdf> en <ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/impact_assessment_adr_en.pdf>.

• 4 Zie het overzicht bij het voorstel voor de ADR-richtlijn, p. 3.

• 5 COM(2011) 206 def, <ec.europa.ey/internal_market/smact/docs/20110413-communication_en.pdf>.

• 6 COM(2010) 245 def, <ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/documents/digital-agenda-communication-en.pdf>.

This article presents an overview of cyberwar from an international law perspective, in particular from the framework of the laws of war. It discusses some of the difficulties in applying these laws to cyberattacks, further complicated by the characteristics of the Internet. A distinction is made between cyberwar, -crime, -espionage and -terrorism, and the different fields of law that apply to these distinct ‘cyberevents’. Next to discussing several historic cyberattacks, the question is raised whether cyberwar is merely a hype or whether we should be taking this threat seriously. Rather than answering this question, the authors feel that the actual threat posed by ‘cyber’ is less important than the political and military prominence gained by this phenomenon in these past few years. The authors conclude by stating that a lot of work has yet to be done to address the issues raised by the occurrence of cyberwar.

From its beginning in 2002, the Dutch Journal of Safety Studies (JSS) has wanted to be a platform for Dutch and Belgian academic articles about all facets of safety and security. Furthermore the journal wants to be a platform for multidisciplinary articles in which safety and security issues are studied from different and complementary perspectives or academic fields.This article provides a content analysis of all 129 JSS-articles. The analysis shows that the focus of JSS is on matters of social safety (and less on the more ‘technical’ safety issues) and on the organization of safety (functioning of organizations or networks and/or the effectiveness of measures) and less on safety as such. Over the years, a few changes have taken place. (1) In the field of social safety the focus has shifted somewhat from ‘the organization of safety’ towards safety as such. (2) Although the proportion of articles from Belgium is small (5,4%), it has increased over the years. (3) Authors from Dutch universities of applied sciences have published no more than 4 articles (3,1%), the first one of which appeared in Volume 6. After some years, these authors discovered the JSS as a platform for their work.JSS covers a wide range of subjects in the field of safety and how it can be organized. Although most articles stem from criminology and/or public management, JSS contains articles from different academic fields such as criminology, communication, law, psychology, engineering, public management, medical science, etc. However, in one and the same article one does not often find a combination of really different academic perspectives, such as engineering and psychology or informatics and criminology. If the JSS aims to be a truly multidisciplinary journal, it should contain more articles of this kind over the next ten years.