Politici pleiten voor de inzet van het strafrecht om het mededingingsrecht (beter) te kunnen handhaven. Zij verwachten dat vooral de dreiging met gevangenisstraf zeer effectief zal zijn. Momenteel wordt gewerkt aan een wetsvoorstel dat dit mogelijk moet maken. In deze bijdrage wordt beargumenteerd waarom de inzet van het strafrecht niet nodig is en zelfs contraproductief zal werken. De auteur meent dat de afschrikwekkende werking van de gevangenisstraf wordt overschat en dat deze straf in de praktijk niet zal worden opgelegd. Daarnaast waarschuwt hij dat de introductie van het strafrecht een serieuze bedreiging zal vormen voor het thans nog succesvolle clementiebeleid.

This article analyzes how football game situations, especially those where players get injured, are posted within the law. In the Netherlands sport rules are not regulated in specific laws. An incident in the soccer pitch should be approached by the ordinary law: criminal law as well as liability. An important standard laid down in jurisdiction is that sport participants accept a certain risk to get hurt.
A conviction on the basis of criminal law occurs not very often, because it is hard to prove that the accused in a game situation had the intention to cause injury. The author gives an outline of the disciplinary rule structure of Dutch football. The Dutch football association KNVB has an important role in this structure. Every football player is a member of his own club as well as a member of the KNVB. As a consequence the club as well as the KNVB has the authority to take disciplinary action against football players breaking the rules. The disciplinary system and rules are different for professional and amateur football.

Since the last years there is extensive ongoing debate in Belgium about jury trials at the Assize Court. These trials are an example of direct participation of citizens in the criminal justice system. Hence this jury has obtained a special position in the Belgian administration of justice. Jury deliberations behind closed doors and the isolation of jury members from the outside world contribute to the fascination for this legal phenomenon. The element of secrecy also explains why there is so little empirical research on the jury’s functioning and the jurors’ experiences during the process. By means of interviews with former jury members, we studied the influence of lay participation in a jury trial on their views and confidence in jury decision making. We found that a positive evaluation of participation in a jury may strengthen their involvement with and trust in jury decision making. However, our research also reveals that jury trials may lead to some unacceptable deficits in the proceedings and outcome of the process. These results are contextualised in the broader debate about the jury and the demand for reform of the assize court proceedings.

In the Netherlands, the number of cocaine traffickers arrested at Schiphol International Airport peaked in 2003. In May 2003, sentencing guidelines regarding cocaine traffickers were redefined into a smaller number of categories (wider quantity ranges, less specified offender categories) with lower sentences than before. New guidelines allowed criminal courts more flexibility, and judges were expected to sentence cocaine traffickers more often than before in accordance with guidelines. All cases, at all four applicable criminal courts, against cocaine traffickers that had been arrested at Schiphol in 2003 were analyzed (877 simple court and 994 full court cases). In between 30 and 40 percent of cases sentences were not according to the guidelines (mostly lower), and even more frequently than before the new guidelines had been introduced. Experience as a judge (number of years) was not associated with keeping up with guidelines, but male judges sentenced suspects more often than female judges in discordance with guidelines (and consequently below guidelines). In line with American literature, personal characteristics of suspects appeared strong predictors of the extent judges conformed to sentencing guidelines. Female offenders were twice as often as male offenders sentenced lower than the guidelines. The same result was found for offenders born or living in the Netherlands, versus migrants and offenders living abroad.

Marriage is considered to be an important life-course event that can lead to desistance from a criminal career. However, desistance is far less obvious when offenders marry criminal partners. The aim of this study is to investigate what impact a spouse’s criminal career at the time of marriage has on persistence in crime. To analyze the relationship between marriage, spousal criminality, and criminal offending, we use a unique longitudinal dataset: the Criminal Career and Life-course Study. This is the first study that contains longitudinal data on the criminal careers of both offenders and their partners. Results show that the frequency of criminal conviction is lower if men marry non-criminal spouses. However, if men marry criminal spouses, their conviction rate does not differ from those who remain single. For women, on the other hand, marriage is related to lower conviction frequencies no matter the spouse’s criminal history.

This research aimed to describe the remigration of Bulgarian women who had been exploited in prostitution in the Netherlands. The difficulties they encountered during their attempt to reintegrate in their environment of origin was one of the main points of interest. Files of Bulgarian women registered as victims have been analyzed in both the Netherlands and in Bulgaria. Interviews were held with current Bulgarian sex workers, former victims of trafficking and several professionals involved in the wellbeing of these women. In many cases remigration turned out to be a temporary situation as many women returned to the Netherlands later on. Partly for that reason it appeared difficult to keep track of their situation after they (initially) came back to Bulgaria. Many women encounter the very problems that contributed to the situation of trafficking in the first place. This makes it difficult to change their marginal position: prostitution remains a well paid option if the circumstances that have led to their exploitation in prostitution remain the same. This does not necessarily lead to repeated victimization, but at least to only a limited difference that reintegration programs can make.

Volgens artikel 39 van het Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden zijn de wetgevers van de verschillende Koninkrijkslanden verplicht een aantal belangrijke rechtsgebieden ‘zoveel mogelijk’ op overeenkomstige wijze te regelen. In een tweetal artikelen onderzoekt de auteur in hoeverre zij met betrekking tot het ontslagrecht aan deze zogenaamde concordantieverplichting voldoen. In dit eerste deel van de tweeluik ligt de focus allereerst op het concordantiebeginsel. Volgens de auteur houdt artikel 39 Statuut in dat een verschil in wetgeving tussen de drie Koninkrijkslanden slechts geoorloofd is indien daar een behoorlijke rechtvaardigingsgrond voor kan worden aangewezen. Met dit als uitgangspunt worden vervolgens de drie regelingen inzake de preventieve ontslagtoetsing met elkaar vergeleken. Daaruit blijkt dat er tussen het Buitengewoon besluit arbeidsverhoudingen 1945 en de beide Landsverordeningen beëindiging arbeidsovereenkomsten een hoop ongerechtvaardigde verschillen bestaan. Ook tussen de landsverordeningen onderling bestaan de nodige verschillen. Geconcludeerd moet daarom worden dat de Koninkrijkswetgevers op dit terrein niet aan hun Statutaire concordantieverplichting voldoen.

De maatregel ISD is een uiting van risicojustitie. De maatregel zet in op een risicovolle groep in de samenleving, waarbij het strafrecht prospectief wordt ingezet. In de behoefte de maatschappij te beveiligen tegen toekomstige risico’s is niet langer de ernst van de daad van belang, maar de ernst van het criminele verleden van de dader. De maatregel ISD zet in op het onschadelijk maken van stelselmatige daders om zodoende de maatschappij te beveiligen. Daarbij worden fundamentele strafrechtelijke waarden geschonden en wordt ernstig tekortgedaan aan de rechtsbeschermende positie van de stelselmatige dader. De stelselmatige dader is zondebok en slachtoffer van risicojustitie.

Labeling van jongeren in het jeugdstrafrecht kan leiden tot stigmatisering. Stigmatisering van jongeren moet voor zover mogelijk worden voorkomen, ook in het jeugdstrafrecht. Verschillende recente ontwikkelingen in het jeugdstrafrecht, zoals de toenemende neiging om jongeren met probleemgedrag te registreren in databases en om naar aanleiding van dit gedrag in casusoverleggen met deelnemers afkomstig uit jeugdstrafrecht en (jeugd)zorg in brede zin gegevens uit te wisselen, leiden mogelijk tot meer stigmatisering van de jeugdige (verdachte). De ontwikkelingen die wij in deze bijdrage beschrijven zijn registratiesystemen, met name ProKid en JCO Support, justitiële documentatie en Halt-afdoeningen, casusoverleggen in de Veiligheidshuizen en groepsgerichte aanpakken. Deze probleemgebieden tasten de privacy van de minderjarige (verdachte) aan en leiden in mindere of meerdere mate tot stigmatisering. Wij zullen voor elke ontwikkeling bespreken in hoeverre sprake is van (te veel) stigmatisering en zo ja of en hoe dit zo veel mogelijk kan worden beperkt.

Nederland stond lang bekend als het kartelparadijs van Europa. Die situatie is wezenlijk veranderd, mede door de introductie van de Mededingingswet en de oprichting van de NMa in 1998. Tot eind van de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw kreeg de kartellist nog goedkeuring van de minister voor Economische zaken voor kartelovereenkomsten. Nu wil diezelfde minister dezelfde kartellist achter de tralies zetten. Het kan in de politiek, zoals bekend, snel gaan. Het is echter de vraag of burgers en ondernemingen zich met hetzelfde tempo kunnen aanpassen aan een zo radicale wijziging van een norm.

Sinds begin jaren negentig wordt een restrictief beleid gevoerd om illegaliteit en de uitwassen die hiermee gepaard zouden gaan te bestrijden. Maar is een restrictief illegalenbeleid hier wel een geschikt middel voor? Deze vraag heeft centraal gestaan in het onderzoek ‘Het leven gaat door’ waarin het leven in de illegaliteit aan de hand van interviews met 88 uitgeprocedeerde asielzoekers uit Utrecht in kaart is gebracht. Het blijkt dat een restrictief beleid illegaliteit niet bestrijdt en problemen niet oplost, maar dat het juist problemen voor illegaal verblijvenden én samenleving veroorzaakt. Het huidige restrictieve beleid lijkt dan ook averechts te werken.

Les Johnston and Clifford Shearing argue in their book, Governing Security, that the state has lost its monopoly on the governance of security. Private security arrangements have formed a networked governance of security in which the criminal law of the state is just one of the many knots or ‘nodes’ of the security network. Johnston and Shearing consider On Crimes and Punishment, written by Cesare Beccaria in the 18th century, as the most important statement of the classical security program which has withered away in the networked governance of the risk society. This article critizes the way Johnston and Shearing analyze Beccaria’s social contract theory and it formulates a Beccarian theory of the criminal law and nodal governance which explains the causes of crime and the rise of nodal governance and defends the central role of the state in anchoring security arrangements based on private contracts and property rights.

In this essay the author looks back at ten years of rule of law foreign assistance in Afghanistan. She first surveys the elements that make Afghanistan particularly challenging as a development. This is followed by a brief outline of foreign donor-assisted efforts at rule of law reform in the last decade. The features of law and legal systems in Afghanistan that are salient for would-be foreign reformers are analyzed. The concept of judicial independence serves as example of well-intentioned rule of law interventions that have not fared well in this complex environment. The author argues that better prepared international advisors with a better grasp of legal history and comparative law may have produced stronger outcomes. Ultimately, however, a pre-post-conflict setting constrains conventional rule of law programs in important ways and calls for more realism about what can be achieved, within what time frame and with what degree of sustainability.

This essay is a tentative exercise to compare ideals and practices of daily colonial policing, in particular in the late colonial state of the Dutch East-Indies, to those of present-day international peace and police development missions in post-conflict societies. In both cases we see foreign powers, represented by a minority of experts and professionals, aiming to control (or to assist in controlling) local security problems, out of care and fear; they do so by training indigenous recruits for professional (civil and military) police forces, build on western models of policing which they presume superior. But the most import thing the colonial police and international peace and developmental missions share is their actual weak base of power: both institutions have to operate in states that are characterized by fragmentation of power, by fragile authority and by lack of security control. Both institutions have a problem of legitimacy: the mandate they get from the local population is doubtful. This explains why both the police and international peace missions, whether consciously or not, often fail to solve local power struggles, or to grasp the point of local security problems, sometimes with very dramatic effects.

A part in Dutch penal law defines money laundering as ‘any person who acquires an object, possesses it, hands it over or sells it or makes use of an object, knowing that the object originates – directly or indirectly – from an offense’. Under object is meant any goods and any property rights. With this in mind, the author argues that whoever knows that money (the object) is derived from crime, but spends the money anyway, is committing a money laundering offense. Taking the argument one step further, it is therefore a reasonable hypothesis that a large number of wives or girlfriends of criminals, have been prosecuted for money laundering. That is, if the women knew that the money they spent was obtained through crime. To test the hypothesis, 62 cases dealing with organized crime were selected and analyzed. These cases largely focus on male perpetrators of drug crimes, money laundering, human smuggling and human trafficking. It turns out that the women often knew their male friends or husbands were involved in crime. The women also profited of these crimes because they used their friends’ expensive cars, lived in large mansions and often went shopping for luxury items. Still, hardly anyone was prosecuted for money laundering offenses. Several explanations were found, ranging from pity of officers, an overload of work, absence of direct proof or simply male chauvinist bias. Only if the women were actively involved in other crimes, would they find themselves prosecuted with (among others) money laundering offenses.

This article focuses on the differences in perception that appear when the English and Dutch discourses on anti-social behaviour and street terror are compared. The political and media discourses in the Netherlands focus on the migration background of the youth responsible (mainly Moroccan juveniles) whereas in England and Wales the possible influence of discrimination is stressed. The analysis of the two discourses reveals that although the problems in the two countries are in essence comparable, very different discourses have developed.

Starting a decade ago, police authorities in Western Europe have been dealing with (South)Eastern European gangs coming over to Western Europe. These gangs commit a large number of property crimes and are characterised by their high level of mobility. Yet, this raises questions as to how their mobility has to be interpreted: is it temporary, making them criminal tourists, or are there any migration mechanisms involved? This article is based on interviews with offenders charged with selling criminal goods (i.e. fencing). Fencing activities appear to take place either in Western Europe or in the countries of origin. Alongside these activities, their centre of social activity appears to be located in either one of them as well. This heterogeneity indicates there is little added value in combating the Eastern European crime gangs, because different offender types with a different background are involved.

Per 1 mei 2010 treedt de Wet DNA-onderzoek bij veroordeelden volledig in werking. De wet is ook van toepassing op jeugdigen. In dit artikel wordt onderzocht hoe het DNA-onderzoek bij jeugdigen in het strafproces is geregeld. De wetgever heeft weinig aandacht besteed aan de bijzondere positie van de jeugdige. De Hoge Raad heeft bepaald dat voor jeugdigen geen generieke uitzondering bestaat. De rechtbanken zijn geneigd de jeugdige anders te behandelen dan dat de wetgever voorstaat. Het DNA-onderzoek bij jeugdigen is in het licht van de mensenrechtenverdragen disproportioneel: de wetgeving dient te worden aangepast.

In de afgelopen jaren zijn enkele omvangrijke financiële fraudes aan het licht gekomen rondom niet-gereguleerde beleggingsinstellingen die bij particuliere beleggers miljoenen euro’s hebben opgehaald. Tegelijkertijd zien wij de ontwikkeling dat banken in toenemende mate aansprakelijk gesteld worden vanuit een tekortkoming in de zorgplicht ten aanzien van de beleggers in dit soort instellingen. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van een literatuur- en praktijkonderzoek getracht antwoord te geven op de vraag of er een verschuiving heeft plaatsgevonden van toezicht van de AFM op de niet-gereguleerde beleggingsinstellingen naar zorgplicht van banken ten opzichte van derdenbeleggers in niet-gereguleerde beleggingsinstellingen die klant bij hun zijn (‘schuivende panelen’). Op basis van de bevindingen uit het onderzoek doet de auteur tevens enkele suggesties voor banken om de risico’s bij het accepteren van een niet-gereguleerde beleggingsinstelling als klant zo beperkt mogelijk te houden.