Indien een aandeelhouder om hem moverende redenen niet ingaat op een uitgebracht openbaar bod verandert zijn situatie verstrekkend. De resterende aandeelhouder kan onder andere worden geconfronteerd met de komst van een meerderheidsaandeelhouder, afhankelijke commissarissen, een waardedaling of afname van liquiditeit en veelal uiteindelijk alsnog verlies van zijn aandelen. Al deze veranderingen kunnen behoorlijk nadelig uitpakken. Recente overnamebiedingen hebben de noodzaak voor extra bescherming van de positie van minderheidsaandeelhouders onderstreept. Hiertoe bespreken de auteurs vijf voorstellen, die alle kunnen bijdragen aan een betere bescherming van minderheidsaandeelhouders rondom een openbaar bod. Hun conclusie luidt dat deze voorstellen, ook in onderlinge samenhang, mogelijk een adequate verbetering van de bescherming van minderheidsaandeelhouders vormen.

Subcultural theory and cultural criminology have traditionally viewed ‘underground’ youth movements as providing images of deviance/resistance which the cultural industries harvest to turn a profit. The logic follows that street and sub cultures imbue products with a ‘transgressive edge’ that increases their appeal within youth markets. This paper uses the example of UK ‘grime’ music to demonstrate how this dynamic cannot be viewed as applying universally in contemporary times. Where their street orientated content is censured, many grime artistes express a desire for commercial success which would ultimately emerge through muting their rhetorical links to crime and violence and explicitly championing ‘mainstream’ values. This case is used as an empirical cue to explore the use and critique of the concept of ‘resistance’ within cultural criminology and subcultural theory. The paper problematizes commodification of resistance discourses as they apply to the rugged culture of the streets and indeed its supposed ‘oppositional’ character where disadvantaged urban youth clearly embody and practice the logic of neoliberalism. It furthermore suggests that certain critiques of cultural criminology go too far in denying any meaning to criminality and subcultural practice beyond consumer desire. Ultimately, the concept of ‘defiance’ is suggested as a useful tool to understand the norms of and behaviours of the excluded.

Giuseppe De Palo and Romina Canessa give a description of the recent publication of a study conducted for the European Parliament on Mediation, ‘Rebooting the Mediation Directive: Assessing the Limited Impact of its Implementation and Proposing Measures to Increase the Number of Mediations in the EU’, has contributed to the ongoing debate about effective mediation policy. The Study concluded that despite an increase in mediation awareness and the proven benefits it can have, mediation still remains largely unused as a method of dispute resolution.

In this article Huub Sprangers describes the development of the Dutch Mediatorsfederation, which started its activities at the end of 2013. Several pre-existing Dutch mediation organisations cooperate in this new federation.

Mediation is not very popular (yet) in the Dutch private sector. The author used his own network of business relations to investigate the motives not to choose mediation in solving business conflicts. Entrepreneurs and managers recognize mediation as a suitable method to solve personal conflicts like in family and community mediation. In business conflicts however, parties try not to get too personally involved and to keep feelings and emotions away from the negotiations. This investigation made clear that the timing of the conflict management process is a crucial factor in the unpopularity of mediation. The moment to choose a suitable method for dispute resolution is when the entrepreneur or manager failed to solve the dispute together with the other party. At this stage the competences of the mediator are competing with those of the entrepreneur/manager and therefore the choice for mediation is not very likely. This can only be changed by the introduction of dispute consultancy earlier in the process. Also the promotion of the traditional values and benefits of mediation does not seem to match the desires of most of the entrepreneurs and managers. Mediators might invest in pilots with companies to create opportunities for conflict consultancy and the introduction of a dispute analysis as early as possible in the process.

The Macedonian system of civil enforcement has long been construed as a reflection of the principle of “re-adjudication upon the original request for legal protection”. The worryingly low execution rate and the excessive length of the enforcement procedure have imposed the necessity of urgent “restructuring” of the entirety of the enforcement system, and the Dutch model has served as an excellent role-model. This article provides a short overview of the characteristic features of the Macedonian enforcement system, and the degree to which they correspond to the Dutch model of civil enforcement.

In het publieke debat over de maatschappelijke onderneming domineren governance-aspecten, zoals de verdeling van taken en bevoegdheden tussen bestuur en toezicht. Ook vermogensrechtelijke aspecten verdienen echter aandacht, met name de vraag hoe de uitkering van winst door een maatschappelijke onderneming aan haar investeerders zich zal verhouden tot het nagestreefde maatschappelijk belang.

Several reports and publications criticise the Dutch police for discriminating against minorities during stop-and-search actions. This article argues that discrimination can be found in the police but not to the extent that the critics suggest. Recent research on stop-and-search practices in a large Dutch city suggests that the police treat youth with a minority background differently but that they don’t treat them unequally. The article concludes with a warning against the use of the expression ethnic profiling, because it hinders correction of discrimination by the police.

The main question of this contribution is whether the use of ethnic profiling in migration control is an infringement of the prohibition of racial and religious discrimination. To answer this question, the regulation on migration control is analyzed and the trend of mixing criminal law with migration law is criticized. The influence of quota of irregular migrants who should be expelled and penalizing of illegal residence is studied. Taken into account the jurisprudence on the issue, the author argues that profiling based on race and religion is forbidden, which is also the case if nationality is used in profiles against EU-citizens.

By rephrasing and reshaping specific criminal justice and security policies, the Dutch government has been struggling for a while in trying to find its course on how to address crime problems in its multicultural society in a politically correct – non discriminatory – way. In this article we focus on government selectivity by examining the development of criminal justice policy in the Netherlands. To what extent does the government take a stand in favor of or against special – and therefore selective – attention for people with a minority background?

This article explores the ways in which the work of the police is influenced by ideas about gender. Even though there is a long tradition of doing research about selectivity of the control agencies of criminal law, criminology has hardly had any attention for this topic. The main purpose of this article is to find out the meaning of the theoretical concept of gender for the social control of crime by the police and to give some examples for illustration. First of all, the article takes into consideration any crucial aspects of the process of selectivity.

In het hier te bespreken arrest heeft het Hof van Justitie de bestaande jurisprudentie met betrekking tot het recht van een lidstaat om zijn eigendom in te richten verder aangescherpt. Een algeheel privatiseringsverbod valt binnen de werking van artikel 345 VWEU maar moet desondanks worden getoetst aan de verkeersvrijheden. Een verbod op het uitvoeren van netbeheerstaken binnen een groep waarin ook commerciële energieactiviteiten worden verricht, vormt een inbreuk op de verkeersvrijheden maar kan worden gerechtvaardigd door het niet (zuiver) economische belang van voorkomen van kruissubsidies. Proportionaliteit en functionaliteit van de maatregel moeten door de nationale rechter worden beoordeeld.HvJ EU 22 oktober 2013, gevoegde zaken C-105/12 tot en met C-107/12, Staat der Nederlanden/Essent NV en Essent Nederland BV, Eneco Holding NV en Delta NV, n.n.g.

Law teachers at the university want students to develop a critical attitude. But what exactly does it mean to be critical and why is it important to be critical? How can a critical attitude be promoted? In this article we intend to elucidate the role that critical thinking may play in legal education. We will introduce the idea of skeptical legal education, which is to a large extent based on Michael Oakeshott’s understanding of liberal learning but which relativizes its insistence on the non-instrumentality of learning and reinforces its critical potential. Subsequently, the article presents a teaching experiment, where students, based on self-organization, study and discuss basic texts in order to encourage critical thinking.

This article examines the importance of the social evidence base in relation to the development of the law. It argues that there is a need for those lawyers who play a part in law reform (legislators and those involved in the law reform process) and for those who play a part in formulating policy-based common law rules (judges and practitioners) to know more about how facts are established in the social sciences. It argues that lawyers need sufficient knowledge and skills in order to be able to critically assess the facts and evidence base when examining new legislation and also when preparing, arguing and determining the outcomes of legal disputes. For this reason the article argues that lawyers need enhanced training in empirical methodologies in order to function effectively in modern legal contexts.

Preventive interventions against terrorist attacks can be justified on legal and moral grounds. The Dutch broad-based approach against terrorism also addresses radicalizations processes. It is, however, hard to justify why a government in a liberal democracy should be allowed to intervene in processes of radicalization where danger to society is not obvious. A reason to justify intervention is when a (former) radical asks for help. Theories based on the ideas of Kant and Rawls also allow for intervention if an individual’s autonomy is diminished because he is member of a sect or under the spell of a charismatic leader. Other interventions with regard to (prevention of) radicalization cannot be justified by deontological theories such as Kant’s and Rawls’. Virtue ethics or teleology would, however, allow interventions but only if they are geared towards helping the individual in their quest to the good life. This justification allows for interventions that are, for example, focused on supporting individuals to critically reflect, reason and discuss about the good life and a just society. Based on the teleological justification constraints can be derived for preventive interventions with regard to radicalization or even deradicalisation. Notice that individuals cannot be forced to join these programs because there is no legal basis.

The degree to which individuals have confidence in the judiciary varies substantially. In this paper, we take the heterogeneity of the population as a starting-point. Our basic idea is that signals about the judiciary acquire significance through frames, schemes of interpretation. Using focus groups we portrayed contrasting frames of citizens. These frames enable us to test the consequences of measures to promote confidence. Measures that tend to increase confidence according to one frame may decrease confidence according to another. This yields dilemmas for those looking for possibilities to promote confidence. One possibility to deal with these dilemmas is to differentiate between different audiences.

It is important for the Dutch judiciary to monitor how society, professional partners and litigants perceive the administration of justice. Different polls and studies provide this information. However, up until 2012 little was known about the way top-level (public and private) decision makers and opinion leaders view the functioning of the courts. This prompted the Council for the Judiciary to commission a study on the external reputation of the administration of justice. The results of this study show that there is neither reason for serious concern nor reason for complacency. Criticism was voiced with regard to the operational capacity of the courts, most notably the case processing time and the lack of technical innovation. Also, it was concluded that the judiciary should take a more proactive stance concerning external communication.A couple of months after the study on the external reputation of the courts was completed, some justices of the Court of Appeal Leeuwarden conceived the so-called ‘Manifest’. Among other things, they criticized the caseload, which in their view threatens the independence of judges. Approximately 700 judges supported the Manifest. So lack of internal support rather than lack of external support seemed to pose a problem for the judiciary. What should the judiciary’s course of action be? Whereas the reputation study points to increasing the operational capacity of the courts, the supporters of the Manifest warn that too strong a focus on output would endanger the quality of justice. These contradictory factors demand reflection on the value identity of the judiciary. In our view this requires the Council for the Judiciary to focus less on management and more on governance. For judges this requires that they, through the development of professional standards, define and refine their view on ‘good administration of justice’.

In het Lundiform-arrest heeft de Hoge Raad geoordeeld dat een entire agreement clause op zichzelf geen uitlegbepaling is en dat een dergelijke bepaling in een overeenkomst als zodanig dan ook niet verhindert dat extrinsiek bewijs gebruikt kan worden om deze overeenkomst uit te leggen. Deze bijdrage schetst in enkele grote lijnen de Amerikaans-rechtelijk achtergrond van de entire agreement clause. De auteur wijst bovendien op het belangrijke onderscheid tussen uitleg en afbakening van overeenkomsten. Het vaststellen van de inhoud van een overeenkomst moet geschieden door enerzijds afbakening van welke afspraken de contractuele relatie tussen partijen beheersen en anderzijds wat deze afgebakende afspraken betekenen. De entire agreement clause speelt in beginsel alleen een rol in de afbakeningsfase.