Per 1 januari jl. heeft zich een ingrijpende verandering voorgedaan in het financiële toezichtlandschap. Per die datum zijn de Europese netwerken van nationale toezichthouders omgevormd tot zelfstandige, Europese toezichthouders (de European Financial Supervisors). Hoewel de nationale toezichthouders primair verantwoordelijk blijven voor het toezicht op de financiële instellingen volgens het home country-model, heeft zich een belangrijke verschuiving van enkele toezichttaken van nationaal niveau naar Europees niveau voorgedaan. Een duidelijke tendens naar meer Europeanisering en centralisering is zich aan het voltrekken. Deze trend doet zich niet alleen in de financiële sectoren voor, maar doet tevens opgeld in andere sectoren van het markttoezicht. In dit artikel zal deze nieuwe toezichtarchitectuur voor de financiële sectoren aan de orde komen en de bevoegdheidsverdeling tussen nationale en Europese toezichthouders worden geschetst.

Het huidige stelsel van het omgevingsrecht is regelmatig doelwit van kritiek: te complex en te star. De minister van Infrastructuur en Milieu is voornemens om in het voorjaar van 2012 met een uitgewerkt wetsvoorstel te komen om deze problemen op te lossen. Flexibelere regelgeving is een van de vertrekpunten bij het opbouwen van deze ‘Raamwet omgevingsrecht’. In deze bijdrage wordt bezien welke rol het compensatiebeginsel kan vervullen om te komen tot de gewenste flexibiliteit. De achtergrond van het compensatiebeginsel komt aan bod. Verder wordt ter illustratie van het compensatiebeginsel de regeling uit de Richtlijn luchtkwaliteit, de Kaderrichtlijn water, de Interimwet stad- en milieubenadering en de Crisis- en herstelwet beschreven. Tot slot wordt ingegaan op een aantal juridische vraagstukken rond het compensatiebeginsel. Blijken zal dat de toepassing van het compensatiebeginsel het bestuur meer manoeuvreerruimte kan bieden om belangen af te wegen en prioriteiten te stellen. De verwachtingen over de flexibiliteit in de regelgeving moeten vanwege de vereiste juridische waarborgen (zoals rechtszekerheid, evenredigheid en rechtsbescherming) evenwel niet te hoog gespannen zijn.

This article states how in the Netherlands since the 1990s religious orthodoxy became the reference object for threat analysis within the security domain. Political Islam and Salafism are increasingly framed as security threats to the Dutch democratic order and social cohesion. The article uses the securitization-framework, developed by the Copenhagen School, to analyze how religion was put on the security agenda and how countervailing forces tried to desecuritize and countersecuritize this process. The article ends with the conclusion that orthodoxy as such is still framed predominantly in terms of violence and coercion, due to a culturalization of security politics as a whole. This narrows the perspective on religious orthodoxy and leaves little room for alternative sources of civil engagement in society.

The recent approach to combating organised crime in the Netherlands emphasizes the importance of interventions aimed at the underlying ‘facilitating structure’ of crime. A great deal of attention is being devoted to professions, companies and services that - consciously or unconsciously - facilitate crime in a structural manner. In addition to a repressive approach to this type of crime, structural hindrances should also be created to aid in combating organised crime. This means that investigative services have to work closely together with each other and other relevant agencies. On the basis of this perspective, the Public Prosecution Service developed the ‘programmatic approach’. The programma-based approach was first tried out as a pilote in 2006 in the field of Human trafficking (trafficking for sexual exploitation). This article investigates what kind of problems have occurred in practice during the pilote, and focuses on an explanation of why cooperation fails.

Using the script approach, this article analyses the different stages that characterise the infiltration of organised crime groups in the public construction industry. Three different Italian local contexts with a high presence of organised crime groups (Sicily, Calabria and Campania) are considered. The Sicilian case is analysed by detail using the script approach and following the dynamic of organised crime action: preparation, enabling conditions, target selection, the acts (of violence and corruption) or ‘the doing’, and the post-conditions or aftermath. The script approach helps in a micro-analysis of organised crime that draws on general knowledge on the topic deriving from the macro-analysis currently undertaken in the literature. Because to date this analysis has mainly produced crime control remedies, the author hopes that the microapproach may help in developing more concrete situational crime prevention measures.

In dit artikel wordt een overzicht gegeven van de belangrijkste besluiten en informele zienswijzen van de NMa in 2010 op het gebied van concentratiecontrole. Het jaar 2010 wordt onder meer gekenmerkt door het voornemen van de politiek om een fusieverbod voor zorgverzekeraars en zorgaanbieders in te voeren, een boete voor de Staat wegens het niet tijdig melden van een concentratie, de vergunningsplichtige concentratie tussen zorgverzekeraar DSW en het Vlietland Ziekenhuis, de ingetrokken melding van de overname door KPN van T for telecom en de goedgekeurde concentratie tussen Veolia – CDC – Transdev waardoor Veolia en Connexion niet langer concurrenten van elkaar zullen zijn.

This article describes and judges on the development of three ‘social-safety arrangements’ in a new developed neighbourhood in the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Based on different research methods, three key issues are defined: youngsters hanging around on the streets annoying residents and little children, families showing anti-social behaviour, and youngsters showing signs of criminal behaviour. Together with all responsible ‘players on the pitch’ the current policies were discussed and expanded with additional strategies. The development of these arrangements consists of four stages: an objective diagnosis of the area, a more detailed analysis to determine the most urgent social safety issues, determining all actors involved and their role in the system, and, finally, a broad discussion with all actors to determine shortcomings in the current policies and interventions. Social safety arrangements can best be regarded a research-based policy instrument that provides detailed insight in the roles and positions of all actors and helps policymakers translate this knowledge into local policies.

In this article we want to show how different actors (amongst whom residents, professional safety-functionaries and street youth) view the safety situation in Rotterdam’s problematic neighbourhood ‘the Old West’ in very different ways and start from very different parameters. We conclude that the one-dimensional image of an unsafe neighbourhood that emerges from the city’s official, quantitative measurement instrument, the so-called ‘Safety Index’ (Veiligheidsindex), does not do justice to the diversity of opinions and visions of the different actors in the neighbourhood and is thus unsuited as the political ‘compass’ for local safety policy it was intended for. This diversity comes much better to the surface in the qualitative, ethnographic research on which this article is based. Such research enables us first to better understand safety as a local phenomenon and secondly offers more concrete points of departure for policy.

The Dutch Minister of Justice has promised that a city’s mayor will be informed if a former prisoner, who was sentenced for a sex offense and/or serious violent crime, returns to the municipality. Because of an improved information position, the mayor is able to take founded and timely measures in order to prevent disturbances in public safety. To determine how this information can be organised in the best way, a pilot was carried out. The evaluation of this pilot suggests that the information meets a need, but that the information processing is vulnerable in certain parts. Following the evaluation the process will be adapted and may be rolled out nationwide.

Op 9 maart 2010 stelde de NMa haar Richtsnoeren voor de zorgsector vast. Dit is alweer de derde versie van deze richtsnoeren die de NMa publiceert. De NMa wil graag tegemoet komen aan de onzekerheden die in de zorgsector over toelaatbaarheid van bepaalde afspraken en andere praktijken bestaan. Een belangrijke kwestie in dit verband is welke rol publieke belangen spelen. In de onderhavige bijdrage staat daarom de vraag centraal of de NMa in de Richtsnoeren de verhouding tussen het mededingingsrecht en de publieke zorgbelangen heeft verduidelijkt.

De Europese regels over staatssteun kunnen in het geding komen bij de financiering van openbaredienstverplichtingen zoals die bijvoorbeeld bestaan in de ziekenhuiszorg. Daarbij staat de ruimte die hiertoe aan de lidstaten wordt gelaten nog volop ter discussie, bijvoorbeeld ten aanzien van Protocol 26 van het Werkingsverdrag (Wv) betreffende de diensten van algemeen (economisch) belang. Het staatssteunregime van de EU voorziet sinds 2003 in een toets voor openbaredienstverplichtingen op basis van de voorwaarden gesteld in het Altmark-arrest.¹x Beide auteurs zijn verbonden aan het Tilburg Law and Economics Centre (TILEC). Leigh Hancher is daarnaast werkzaam bij Allen & Overy en Wolf Sauter bij de Zorgautoriteit (NZa).
HvJ EG 24 juli 2003, zaak C-280/00, Altmark Trans GmbH en Regierungspräsidium Magdeburg/Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Altmark GmbH (Altmark Trans), Jur. 2003, p. I-7747. Indien hieraan wordt voldaan, is geen sprake van steun maar van compensatie. Wordt aan deze toets niet voldaan dan kan vervolgens eventueel op basis van artikel 106 lid 2 Wv worden bepaald of sprake is van een dienst van algemeen economisch belang (DAEB) die verenigbaar is met de interne markt. Het kader dat hierbij wordt gehanteerd is het zogenoemde DAEB-pakket (ook wel: ‘Monti-pakket’) uit november 2005.²x Beschikking 2005/842/EG van de Commissie van 28 november 2005 betreffende de toepassing van artikel 86, lid 2, van het EG-Verdrag op staatssteun in de vorm van compensatie voor de openbare dienst die aan bepaalde met het beheer van diensten van algemeen economisch belang belaste ondernemingen wordt toegekend, Pb. EG 2005, L 312/0067; Communautaire kaderregeling inzake staatssteun in de vorm van compensatie voor de openbare dienst, Pb. EU 2005, C 297/4. De beschikking trad op 19 december 2005 in werking, de kaderregeling op de datum van publicatie (29 november 2005). Het belangrijkste verschil tussen de twee toetsen zit in de wijze waarop wordt omgegaan met het doelmatigheidsvereiste. De hier te bespreken beschikking van de Europese Commissie illustreert bovenstaand punt.

Noten

• 1 Beide auteurs zijn verbonden aan het Tilburg Law and Economics Centre (TILEC). Leigh Hancher is daarnaast werkzaam bij Allen & Overy en Wolf Sauter bij de Zorgautoriteit (NZa).
  HvJ EG 24 juli 2003, zaak C-280/00, Altmark Trans GmbH en Regierungspräsidium Magdeburg/Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Altmark GmbH (Altmark Trans), Jur. 2003, p. I-7747.

• 2 Beschikking 2005/842/EG van de Commissie van 28 november 2005 betreffende de toepassing van artikel 86, lid 2, van het EG-Verdrag op staatssteun in de vorm van compensatie voor de openbare dienst die aan bepaalde met het beheer van diensten van algemeen economisch belang belaste ondernemingen wordt toegekend, Pb. EG 2005, L 312/0067; Communautaire kaderregeling inzake staatssteun in de vorm van compensatie voor de openbare dienst, Pb. EU 2005, C 297/4. De beschikking trad op 19 december 2005 in werking, de kaderregeling op de datum van publicatie (29 november 2005).

Religion in the public domain has been a theme of remarkably current interest for a long time in our country as well as elsewhere in Europe. Not only in dialogue and debate, but primarily also via specific occasions, practices, and situations. One can think here of the position of the many redundant church buildings, the granting of permits for public religious manifestations, the ringing of church bells or public calls to prayer, the role (or abandonment of the role) of governments in rituals following disasters and accidents, the structure of citizenship rites and other forms of civic/civil ritual, the involvement of governments in religious celebrations in the public domain such as processions or Iftar meals, et cetera. This contribution explores the place of religion in the public domain in a specific way, i.e. on the basis of practices: its starting point lies in traceable manifestations of religion in our culture and society, in practices and rituals. After some conceptual orientation, this approach takes the form of a general panorama of religious-ritual presences and manifestations in that public domain and a further exploration of those via a model of so-called ritual-sacred fields.

Legislation affects restorative justice in four ways: existing legislation may allow it, new laws may enable it, laws may limit it, or restorative justice may be the norm. Examples from different countries are given and specific questions about the relationship of restorative justice to the criminal justice system discussed. It is suggested that, broadly speaking, safeguards should be legislated and practice regulated by an independent body. It is concluded that restorative practices, have the potential to transform society’s response to harmful behaviour.

Bij de opvang en begeleiding van (ex-)gedetineerden lopen Exodus en vergelijkbare nazorgorganisaties in de praktijk tegen veel problemen aan. In dit artikel worden enkele van die problemen gesignaleerd. Daarbij wordt onder meer stilgestaan bij problemen met betrekking tot de financiering en de oprichting van een Exodushuis, maar ook problemen bij de intake en plaatsing, de begeleiding en de uitzetting van bewoners worden besproken. Ten slotte wordt aandacht besteed aan het afleggen van verantwoording over de bereikte resultaten en de lastigheden daarbij.

MOVISIE Netherlands centre for social development researched the role of churches in the enforcement of the Social Support Act in the municipality of Utrecht. It showed that although the municipality does not charge the churches with the execution of the law, the churches themselves present a lot of activities that might be appointed as social support activities. Moreover a part of the churches are benevolent to increase their activities if the municipality would facilitate them. At the same time city council members as well as the responsible civil servants do not know the role churches play at the enforcement of the Act, so further cooperation between the municipality and the churches is required.

The coordination in public safety has been assigned to the municipality. The central question in this article is whether the municipality is equipped to fulfil this task successfully. In this study we investigated a metropolitan security network against drug and alcohol nuisance. Questionnaires were administered among 36 organisations dealing with these nuisance problems. The social network analysis shows that the municipality is predominant in the security network. On the other hand there are several other organisations, such as the Police, health organisations and Housing Associations, that also take up a central position in the network. We also found that the municipality’s informal network is less well developed than its formal network. In contrast, the Police and several local health organisations often liaise informally with other organisations that ‘fight’ drug and alcohol nuisance within the network. Quite a number of organisations are in the position to obtain important information and to exert influence when organisations are unwilling to cooperate. Consequently, several organisations other than the municipality are suited to successfully complete the coordination in a security network.

In the local governance of public safety many different organizations are involved. These organizations cooperate in local networks or partnerships to manage problems related to crime and disorder. In the Netherlands the local government should coordinate the cooperation between these organizations and their activities. Research shows that in practice this coordination has many serious shortcomings.
Therefore the Dutch government proposed a new Act to promote the local government’s capacities to coordinate these networks and local policies of public safety (Wet op de gemeentelijke regierol lokale integrale veiligheid). At this moment this proposal has not yet been submitted to the Dutch Parliament.
This Act will create new obligations and powers for the local government. According to this Act every four years local councils will have to establish a public safety policy plan based on an analysis of local problems of crime and disorder. Local governments should make formal agreements with the local partner agencies about their activities. Additionally the Act will provide local governments with the power to enforce these cooperation and contributions and to sanction it.
Research shows that many of the problems that arise in the coordination of these networks and partnerships result from the local governments themselves. Often the governmental support and commitment to local safety issues are insufficient, the local administration is highly fragmented, the coordination is often poorly implemented and local administration often have a bureaucratic culture that is hard to reconcile with the need to react quickly to urgent local problems.
Considering these problems the authors argue that this proposed Act is not an adequate solution for the problems that arise in the coordination of local safety policies and partnerships.

Governmental authorities have to deal with religion on a daily basis: via individual citizens or religious organisations, in the framework of subsidy applications or measures against the radicalisation of believers. More than a year after publication of ‘Religion and the public domain, guidelines for municipalities’, a joint production of the Association of the Netherlands Municipalities and the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom relations, we discuss the room for cooperation between the government and religious organisations within the limits of the principle of separation between church and state. Both the legal framework and practical examples from different municipalities will be brought up. Three rules (of play) are exemplified in particular, namely that contacts between government and religious organisations or parties on an ideological basis do not lead to a substantive involvement with the faith itself, or with internal church matters, that the contacts serve to realise non-faith related public goals and that the government is held tot treat religious organisations or parties on an ideological basis equally. Having regard to those rules (of play) cooperation is very well possible.