De Nederlandse wapenwetgeving is gericht op de beheersing van het legale en de bestrijding van het illegale wapenbezit. Dit beleid kent een lange voorgeschiedenis. De houding van de overheid was hierin ambivalent, waarbij niet alleen sprake was van beperkingen op particulier wapenbezit. Wapenbezit is van overheidswege zelfs actief bevorderd, waarbij controles aan huis – anders dan tegenwoordig – bedoeld waren om vast te stellen of men wel over voldoende wapens beschikte om de burgerplicht te kunnen vervullen. Er werden echter wel maatregelen genomen om het risico van misbruik zoveel mogelijk beheersbaar te maken, waarvan sommige nog doorwerken tot heden ten dage.

Bij voorlichting aan burgers ‘vertaalt’ de Belastingdienst complexe belastingwetgeving naar begrijpelijke teksten voor burgers. Deze bijdrage behandelt een aantal praktische en fundamentele vragen die zich voordoen bij deze vertaalslag, zoals: wat is de juridische status van voorlichting? Welke ‘ingrepen’ zijn nodig in de vertaling? Is begrijpelijke taal alleen maar ‘goed’, of zijn er ook nadelen? Kunnen burgers rechten ontlenen aan ‘vertaalde’ belastingwetgeving? En wat betekent dat voor de belastingwetgever? Duidelijk wordt dat begrijpelijke taal nodig is, maar dat het juristen ook voor praktische en fundamentele vraagstukken stelt, waarbij burgers niet uit het oog mogen worden verloren.

In this article, a recently published Dutch book on corruption in the port of Rotterdam is reviewed. De Schiedamse cocaïnemaffia. Een corrupte douanier, doorgewinterde criminelen en duizenden kilo’s coke was written by journalist Jan Meeus from NRC Handelsblad. The book can be seen as a case study of a customs officer – Gerrit – who fell for the big money. It gives a good insight into the connection between the legal and the illegal world and how this is experienced by those involved. The information in the book is based on seven large criminal files and dozens of conversations with people mentioned in those files. Meeus also attended the criminal proceedings intensively. It is now known that the film rights of the book have been sold and that Meeus will be writing the screenplay for the feature film together with director Jean van der Velde.

The notion of ‘sharia in the West’ is by now fairly well established, both in social, political and scientific circles, but both the terms ‘sharia’ and ‘West’ remain difficult to define. It is therefore striking that the combination of these two terms is used with such self-evidence. This article wants to answer the question: what exactly is the sharia that Western Muslims arguably want, and how is this sharia received in the West? To this end, a model is presented that provides a description of the complex interaction between sharia as practiced by Western Muslims on the one hand, and the conditions that the Western environment sets for it on the other. The model shows that ‘sharia’ cannot be compared to a law system, and that the Western environment has a major influence on the extent and ways in which Muslims apply sharia. From a Western perspective, the model shows that sharia issues are mainly discussed in legal terms, while most controversies are not of a legal nature, but rather a cultural one.

Among the asylum seekers arriving in Europe are unaccompanied minors (UMAs). As a result of the often traumatic experiences before and during their flight, many have mental health problems. The question is how they cope in the country of destination. After the flight, the plight is not over: destination countries are often not welcoming in all respects, UMAs may encounter violence in reception facilities, and experience stress related to the asylum procedure and possible family reunification, as well as worries about relatives left behind. Although UMAs are also known to be resilient, and most are supported by family members and/or significant others, there are worries about their transition to adulthood. When they turn 18, they have to deal with the developmental tasks that come with that age, as well as to come to terms with past experiences. At the same time their guardianship ends, and they are supposed to manage on their own in the relatively new country. Many UMAs seem to manage, but it would be helpful if the 18 years age limit could be used flexible when necessary.

In 2019, the Dutch government presented a New Model Investment Agreement that seeks to contribute to the sustainability and inclusivity of future Dutch trade and investment policy. This article offers a critical analysis of the most relevant parts of the revised model text in order to appraise to what extent it could promote sustainability and inclusivity. It starts by providing an overview of the Dutch BIT (Bilateral Investment Treaty) programme, where the role of the Netherlands as a favourite conduit country for global FDI is highlighted. In the article, we identify the reasons why the Netherlands became a preferred jurisdiction for foreign investors and the negative implications for governments and their policy space to advance sustainable development. The 2019 model text is expressly set out to achieve a fairer system and to protect ‘sustainable investment in the interest of development’. While displaying a welcome engagement with key values of sustainable development, this article identifies a number of weaknesses of the 2019 model text. Some of the most criticised substantive and procedural provisions are being reproduced in the model text, including the reiteration of investors’ legitimate expectation as an enforceable right, the inclusion of an umbrella clause, and the unaltered broad coverage of investments. Most notably, the model text continues to marginalise the interests of investment-affected communities and stakeholders, while bestowing exclusive rights and privileges on foreign investors. The article concludes by hinting at possible reforms to better align existing and future Dutch investment treaties with the sustainable development goals.

In november 2018 wees het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie twee belangrijke arresten: Bauer en Max-Planck. Het Hof van Justitie kent hierin horizontale directe werking toe aan het recht op vakantie dat in artikel 31 lid 2 van het Handvest van de grondrechten van de Europese Unie is opgenomen. Eveneens introduceert Max-Planck een inspanningsplicht voor de werkgever om ervoor te zorgen dat de werknemer vakantie opneemt voordat het recht op vakantie kan vervallen. In deze bijdrage worden de arresten kritisch besproken.

Auteurs onderzoeken de praktijk van vergoeding van kosten voor versterkingsmaatregelen in nieuwbouwprojecten. Zij analyseren de legitimiteit van de daarvoor in het leven geroepen Nieuwbouwregeling. Verder bespreken auteurs waar die regeling verbeterd zou kunnen worden in het licht van de aankomende nieuwe regeling die door de overheid zal worden uitgevoerd.

Wanneer een jeugdige te maken krijgt met jeugdreclassering, richt Jeugdbescherming Regio Amsterdam, verder te noemen Jeugdbescherming, zich bij de begeleiding van de jeugdige niet alleen op de jeugdige zelf, maar op het hele gezin. Conform de door Jeugdbescherming ontwikkelde methodiek, Intensief Systeemgericht Casemanagement, wordt het hele gezin betrokken. Deze methodiek wordt toegepast ongeacht het kader (het civielrechtelijke, strafrechtelijke of preventieve kader) waarbinnen Jeugdbescherming werkt. In tegenstelling tot in het civiele recht, lijkt de focus in de wet in het geval van het strafrecht echter vooral te zijn gericht op de individuele jeugdige verdachte of veroordeelde. In dit artikel wordt daarom onderzocht welke mogelijkheden de wet biedt om te werken volgens het Intensief Systeemgericht Casemanagement in het strafrechtelijke kader, tijdens de uitvoering van jeugdreclassering. Ook worden er aanknopingspunten in de doelstellingen van jeugdreclassering gezocht voor deze werkwijze.

When we consider a ‘court’ a judicial institution recognized by the state that renders judgment based on law recognized by the state, then the only ‘sharia courts’ to be found in Europe are located in the eastern province of Greece. Their jurisdiction is limited to Islamic family law, but a recent case before the European Court of Human Rights has rekindled the discussion on the scope of this jurisdiction, and opened the discussion on the desirability of such courts in a European country. This article presents an analysis of this discussion, based on literature study and fieldwork in the region.

It was direct sex discrimination for a male employee who wished to take shared parental leave (SPL) to be entitled only to the minimum statutory pay where a female employee would have been entitled to full salary during an equivalent period of maternity leave, according to a first-instance decision from the Employment Tribunal (ET).

This article serves to gain insight in the use and non-use of various types of legal advice, particularly in relation to income levels and legal costs. Based on (logistic regression) analyses involving survey data on 1,928 Dutch citizens who experienced a non-trivial problem in the period May 2009 to May 2014, main findings are as follows: (1) 37% of citizens facing a (potential) legal problem contacted various types of legal advisers once or repeatedly. (2) In the explanation of use/non-use of advocates, problem characteristics turned out to matter significantly, in contrast with the level of household income. Entitlements to subsidized legal aid (lower income groups) as well as legal expenses insurance have made income a factor of less importance. (3) Looking at the degree in which citizens reported (high) costs being a reason for not using legal advice, again no significant differences were found between income groups. Especially advocates were deemed too expensive, regardless of household income; a reason for non-use in half of the cases in which advocates had been considered.

IPR-vragen omtrent huwelijksvermogens- en partnerschapsvermogensrecht worden vanaf 29 januari 2019 beantwoord aan de hand van de regels uit twee nieuwe Europese verordeningen. Dit artikel beoogt een overzicht te geven van de hoofdlijnen van deze verordeningen. De nadruk ligt daarbij op het toepassingsgebied van beide verordeningen (welke onderwerpen regelen de verordeningen zoal?) en met name de regels van toepasselijk recht. Welke mogelijkheden zijn er tot het uitbrengen van een rechtskeuze en welk recht beheerst het huwelijksvermogens- of partnerschapsvermogensregime als partijen geen rechtskeuze hebben uitgebracht? Beide verordeningen worden besproken vanuit hun belang voor de notariële praktijk. In dat kader komen ook het overgangsrecht en het geldingsbereik van artikel 1:88 BW in grensoverschrijdende gevallen uitdrukkelijk aan de orde.

The evolution of the case law in the field of free movement of goods has been marked by consecutive changes in the legal tests applied by the Court of Justice of the European Union for the determination of the existence of a trade restriction. Starting with the broad Dassonville and Cassis de Dijon definition of MEEQR (measures having equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction), the Court subsequently introduced the Keck-concept of ‘selling arrangements’, which allowed for more regulatory autonomy of the Member States, but proved insufficient to capture disguised trade restrictions. Ultimately, a refined ‘market access’ test was adopted, qualified by the requirement of a ‘substantial’ hindrance on inter-State trade. Contrary to the free movement of goods, the free movement of capital has not undergone the same evolutionary process. Focusing on the ‘golden shares’ case law, this article questions the broad interpretation of ‘capital restrictions’ and seeks to investigate whether the underlying rationale of striking down any special right that could have a potential deterrent effect on inter-State investment is compatible with the constitutional foundations of negative integration. So far the Court seems to promote a company law regime that endorses shareholders’ primacy, lacking, however, the constitutional and institutional legitimacy to decide on such a highly political question. It is thus suggested that a refined test should be adopted that would capture measures departing from ordinary company law and hindering market access of foreign investors, while at the same time allowing Member States to determine their corporate governance systems.

This paper responds to Rainer Forst’s article ‘The Justification of Basic Rights’. I argue that Forst's main thesis is difficult to pin down, partly because it is formulated in significantly distinct ways at numerous points. I offer a possible formulation of the argument but note that this encapsulates a fallacy; I further argue that his inference of the basic rights seems to imply an over-moralisation of social life and that his argument does not distinguish rights with discretionary and non-discretionary content. Then I query Forst’s claim that a right to justification is a condition of engaging in justificatory discourse. This leads to the conclusion that what goes into the process of justification, including who figures in the discursive community, are irreducibly political questions, whose answers cannot be convincingly specified antecedently by a form of moral legislation. I argue that actual discursive processes allow for considerably more contingency and contextual variability than Forst’s construction acknowledges. This extends, as I suggest in conclusion, to the idea that content can be specified via the Kantian notion that acceptability requires the ‘containment’ of an actor's ends by another, such as an affected party.

This article examines the main assumptions and theoretical underpinnings of case study method in legal studies. It considers the importance of research design, including the crucial roles of the academic literature review, the research question and the use of rival theories to develop hypotheses and the practice of identifying the observable implications of those hypotheses. It considers the selection of data sources and modes of analysis to allow for valid analytical inferences to be drawn in respect of them. In doing so it considers, in brief, the importance of case study selection and variations such as single or multi case approaches. Finally it provides thoughts about the strengths and weaknesses associated with undertaking socio-legal and comparative legal research via a case study method, addressing frequent stumbling blocks encountered by legal researchers, as well as ways to militate them. It is written with those new to the method in mind.

In vrijwel alle beleidssectoren is sprake van afstemming tussen nationale inspecties over de wijze waarop ze toezicht houden op de uitvoering van Europese regels. In sommige gevallen wordt verregaand Europees samengewerkt tussen inspecties of vindt zelfs centralisering van toezicht plaats op Europees niveau. De vraag is dus niet zozeer of nationale inspecties samenwerken, veel meer in welke vorm ze dat doen en met welke redenen. Deze vragen staan centraal in dit artikel. Het artikel maakt een eerste inventarisatie en classificatie van de institutionele vormgeving van Europese samenwerking en ontwikkelt een voorlopige typologie van de overwegingen die inspectiediensten hebben voor zulke samenwerking.