Voor veel mensen met een functiebeperking geldt dat zij op wettelijk geregelde voorzieningen moeten vertrouwen voor hun basale levensbehoeften. De aannames van de wetgever betreffende welke noden van deze groep tot de verantwoordelijkheid van de maatschappij behoren, bepalen dus de mate waarin zij in deze behoeften kunnen voorzien en hoe zij – en hun omgeving – hun leven kunnen inrichten. In dit artikel wordt onderbouwd waarom de huidige aannames van de wetgever een grote groep mensen met een functiebeperking in de steek laten. In de participatiemaatschappij staan deelname aan de reguliere arbeidsmarkt en vertrouwen op het eigen netwerk namelijk centraal. Dientengevolge schiet de huidige sociale zekerheid voor mensen die niet of niet gedeeltelijk kunnen werken en geen daadkrachtig netwerk te hebben, veelal tekort. Een begin van de oplossing van dit probleem, zo wordt voorgesteld, is het opnieuw waarderen van bijdragen buiten de reguliere arbeidsmarkt en het uitbreiden en bestendigen van de voorzieningen voor mensen met een functiebeperking.

Beschermingsmaatregelen zijn van bijzonder belang voor mensen met een (verstandelijke) beperking die hun wil niet kunnen uiten. Daarmee is het VN-verdrag Handicap ook van toepassing op deze maatregelen. Met de opkomst van het notariële levenstestament kan men zich afvragen of deze nieuwe vorm van bescherming voldoet aan het Verdrag. Tegelijk werpt het de vraag op of huidige wettelijke beschermingsmaatregelen dat wel doen. In dit artikel onderzoek ik in hoeverre het levenstestament en beschermingsbewind in overeenstemming zijn met het Verdrag.

The entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) pushed state obligations to counter prejudice and stereotypes concerning people with disabilities to the forefront of international human rights law. The CRPD is underpinned by a model of inclusive equality, which views disability as a social construct that results from the interaction between persons with impairments and barriers, including attitudinal barriers, that hinder their participation in society. The recognition dimension of inclusive equality, together with the CRPD’s provisions on awareness raising, mandates that states parties target prejudice and stereotypes about the capabilities and contributions of persons with disabilities to society. Certain human rights treaty bodies, including the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and, to a much lesser extent, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, require states to eradicate harmful stereotypes and prejudice about people with disabilities in various forms of interpersonal relationships. This trend is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This article assesses the extent to which the aforementioned human rights bodies have elaborated positive obligations requiring states to endeavour to change ‘hearts and minds’ about the inherent capabilities and contributions of people with disabilities. It analyses whether these bodies have struck the right balance in elaborating positive obligations to eliminate prejudice and stereotypes in interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, it highlights the convergences or divergences that are evident in the bodies’ approaches to those obligations.

De centrale vraag in dit artikel is: welke gezichtspunten biedt de jurisprudentie van de Hoge Raad voor de beoordeling of het gebruik van de wettelijke mogelijkheden tot het sluiten van opvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd in een concreet geval moet worden aangemerkt als misbruik en hoe verhouden deze gezichtspunten zich tot later ingevoerde wetgeving alsmede de opvattingen van de regering over het gebruik van opvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd?

This article discusses the concepts of society and community involvement as they appeared in the articles of the Dutch-Flemish Tijdschrift voor Herstelrecht (Journal of Restorative Justice) during last 20 years. It shows how the journal from its very beginning adopted a strong focus on criminal justice reform, although restorative practices within the community occupied a considerable space in the consecutive volumes as well. Studies on restorative justice programmes in Belgium and The Netherlands, such as victim-offender mediation and family-group conferences, revealed a predominant orientation on interpersonal relationships stressing the role of the community of care. In the same sense, also community mediation and other community oriented restorative practices focus on the personal well-being of people and the improvement of personal and social relationships. Hence, both theory and practice face two important challenges in developing restorative justice: (1) which role to give to a larger community and how to operationalize its involvement, and (2) how to deal with underlying causes of crime and social-structural injustices? Referring to European action-research projects and to conceptual models developed outside Europe, a case is made for designing restorative justice methodologies and programmes involving civil society in a more encompassing way and linking micro to macro societal levels. Developing strategic alliances with new social movements could be the way forward.

Young people’s delinquent behavior remains a social problem of concern to parents, local residents, teachers, police officers and administrators. With respect to effective interventions, the dominant focus is on ‘what works’. Relatively little is known about ‘who works’. In this study, based on a survey of 679 vmbo-pupils, it was investigated to what extent receiving ‘sternness with love’ from a professional may contribute to mitigating delinquency. For this research, unique graphically supported measuring instruments were developed that enable participants of the target group – including those who suffer from mild intellectual disabilities – to independently fill out the questionnaire. The results based on regression analyses suggest that there is no support for the supposed contribution of the interaction between sternness and love or of the three-way interaction between delinquent friends, sternness and love in explaining the variance of delinquent behavior. The results further show that having delinquent friends is related to participants’ delinquency. The results of these analyses also suggest that the relevant professional’s approach with ‘sternness’ or with ‘love’ moderates the relationship between delinquent friends and committing theft.

Studies investigating peer influence on risk behaviors, such as antisocial behavior and substance abuse, mostly study the amount of change in which adolescents adapt their risk behavior to become more similar to their friends. Onset of risk behavior, changing form having no experience to having any experience with risk behavior, has been studies far less. This study investigates friends’ influence on the onset of risk behavior and their influence in changes in risk behavior. Hypotheses were tested using SNARE (Social Network Analysis of Risk behavior in Early adolescence) data (N=1.144), containing information on risk behavior (i.e. antisocial behavior, alcohol use, and tobacco use) and friendship networks at three timepoints during the first year of secondary education (M_age= 12.7; SD=0.47). Analyses, using longitudinal social network analysis (RSIENA), showed that although adolescents adapt their risk behavior to become more similar to their friends, they are not influence in by their friends in the onset of risk behavior. These findings suggest s more nuanced role of friends in the onset of risk behavior. Interventions aiming at friends might benefit from differentiating between the onset and further (dis)continuation of risk behavior as these friendship influence processes might be less relevant for the onset of risk behavior.

This article presents findings from a longitudinal study of 81 young recidivists examined over fifteen years. By the age of 25, 50 percent had desisted for at least three years. 60 percent had had no new police contacts during the last two years. Four stages could be distinguished in the desistance process. Apart from a small number of explicit persisters, all of the young adults did consciously consider whether the benefits of their criminal activities outweighed the disadvantages. With just a few exceptions, the decision to quit was not motivated by an altruistic goal, nor by extreme fear, but mainly motivated by the feeling of being too old for criminal life and by striving for a pleasant self-esteem. It is concluded that when young adult recidivists give up crime, this must be seen as an extreme and extremely late form of maturation.

In this article, we report on our initial findings (from the field) regarding conflict resolution among the Maroons in Suriname. After first providing some background information about the Maroons (section 2), we describe their manner of conflict resolution after a crime has taken place and we explain what justice within this context entails for them (section 3). Subsequently, we try to distil ‘the useful elements’ from the Maroons’ approach to crime, that is to say elements with which modern restorative justice, i.e. restorative justice that meets, inter alia, human rights and constitutional requirements, can be nourished and strengthened. We also discuss some of the challenges we have encountered, where the traditional legal system and the modern criminal justice system come together (section 4). Then we try to build some possible bridges between the two legal systems (section 5). The contribution concludes with providing a window on the future of the development of restorative justice in Suriname and the Netherlands.

Het uitgangspunt van deze bijdrage is de vaststelling van prijsverschillen tussen lidstaten van de Europese Unie, in het bijzonder de vaststelling van hogere detailprijzen in België dan in naburige landen. Het artikel hanteert het begrip ‘territoriale leveringsbeperkingen’ (territorial supply constraints) als één van de belangrijkste oorzaken van die prijsverschillen en hoe deze in mededingingszaken worden behandeld. Ook biedt de bijdrage een overzicht van de empirische economische literatuur over andere mogelijke economische oorzaken van prijsverschillen. Ten slotte worden andere juridische instrumenten (dan het mededingingsrecht in enge zin) ter beschikking van mededingingsautoriteiten en rechtbanken gehanteerd, in het bijzonder het begrip ‘economische afhankelijkheid’

Al geruime tijd leeft de wens ernstige milieumisdrijven (ecocide) onderdeel te laten uitmaken van het internationaal strafrecht, in het bijzonder de misdrijven waarover het Internationaal Strafhof rechtsmacht heeft. Het is op dit moment niet te voorspellen of en op welke wijze ecocide ooit volwaardig onderdeel gaat uitmaken van het positieve internationale strafrecht. Deze bijdrage richt zich op de vraag in hoeverre het actuele internationale strafrecht aanknopingspunten biedt voor vervolging van ecocide en op welke wijze Nederland in de nationale opsporings- en vervolgingspraktijk hiermee rekening zou moeten houden.

In het recente arrest Stoian t. Roemenië oordeelt het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (EHRM) over de onderwijssituatie van een jongen met een beperking in Roemenië. Het Hof beoordeelt de zaak vanuit de redelijke aanpassingsplicht en besluit dat die niet geschonden is. In deze bijdrage bespreken en analyseren de auteurs dit arrest dat het Hof op veel kritiek kwam staan. Ze houden daarbij in het bijzonder rekening met het VN-Verdrag inzake de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap (IVRPH) en relevante voorgaande rechtspraak van het EHRM. In het arrest krijgen de principes van het IVRPH (opnieuw) een centrale plaats. De toepassing van die principes is minder eenduidig. Het arrest doet immers belangrijke vragen rijzen over de manier waarop het EHRM twee belangrijke IVRPH-verplichtingen inzake onderwijs toepast. Het IVRPH omvat onder meer de verplichting tot het voorzien van een toegankelijk onderwijssysteem en de verplichting in redelijke aanpassingen te voorzien. Die verplichtingen zijn er beide op gericht onderwijs toegankelijk te maken voor kinderen met een handicap. Tussen de twee verplichtingen bestaan echter belangrijke verschillen, onder meer inzake afdwingbaarheid. Het EHRM lijkt deze verplichtingen niet correct van elkaar te onderscheiden en aan de twee tegelijk te toetsen. Daarnaast is niet duidelijk hoe streng het Hof de verplichtingen van staten toetst in deze materie. De toetsingsintensiteit lijkt in Stoian lager te liggen dan in eerdere zaken. De auteurs besluiten dan ook dat het arrest geen echte zekerheid brengt over de standaarden die het Hof in volgende zaken zal hanteren.

It is unclear to what extent criminal record screening policies can explain low employment rates after release. This descriptive study provides more insight into this matter by examining whether ex-prisoners applied for a certificate of conduct, found employment and whether this job was found without such a certificate. To answer these questions interview data on ex-prisoners (N=931) are combined with data on criminal record screenings. Only 6 percent applied for a certificate, half of which were granted. Many ex-prisoners did not report any employment, but almost all working ex-prisoners found this job without a certificate. These findings bring nuance to discussions on the role of criminal record screening after release.

Prison visitation is important for protecting against social isolation during imprisonment. It is also essential for maintaining contacts that are important for life in prison and after release. It is therefore not surprising that both nationally and internationally important policy measures and scientific research have been undertaken on the topic. Nationally, however, limited scientific research is available regarding how many, how often and from whom prisoners receive visits, how visits are experienced and the possible effects of visitation, thus leaving many questions unanswered. Meanwhile, in the past ten years great changes have been made to visitation in Dutch prison policy and practice. Given these recent developments, both scientists and practitioners could benefit from an overview of the current state of affairs of visitation. This article aims to bridge the gap between research, policy and practice by summarizing findings from the Life in Custody study. This study includes a description of how visitation is organized legally, at the policy level and in practice, a thorough review of prior research on visitation and an analysis of the most recent national data on the prevalence and frequency of visitation, while considering important differences between prisoners and prisons.

Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp is the auctor intellectualis of the 1818 Dutch constitution. It was his sketch for a new constitution that was used as a starting point for the deliberations of its original drafting committee. Van Hogendorp justifies his constitution as a restoration of the Burgundian constitution that applied before the Dutch Republic. In recent literature Van Hogendorp’s restorational argument is presented as an invention of tradition. In this article an alternative explanation is presented, namely that it is part of a form of classicist political thought that was common during the ancien régime. Van Hogendorp describes his constitution as a moderate monarchy, in which the three principles of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy are properly balanced. And he mainly defends this mixed regime by pointing out that it is a restoration of the old Burgundian constitution of the Netherlands. This way of reasoning is, as will be shown, typically classicistic.

This article focusses on the role of banks in the area of human rights and corporate lending. By including contractual provisions on human rights in loan documentation, banks can manage human rights risks. Banks could hereby build on the emerging practice of the ‘sustainability linked loans’ by including predetermined sustainability targets focused on human rights. The international loan market currently lacks a level playing field on including human rights provisions. This article concludes with providing guidance for human rights provisions in loan agreements, based on standard loan market (LMA) documentation.