Op 28 mei 2020 heeft het Gerecht van de Europese Unie de beschikking van de Europese Commissie vernietigd waarin de Commissie de overname van Telefónica UK door CK Hutchison UK (nadien ‘CK Telecom UK’) – een zogenoemde 4-naar-3-telecomfusie in het Verenigd Koninkrijk – verbood. In dit arrest wordt voor de eerste maal de toepassing van de ‘significant impediment to effective competition’ (SIEC)-test op zogenoemde ‘gap’-zaken onderworpen aan een (indringende) rechterlijke toetsing. Gap-zaken zijn concentratiezaken waarbij geen sprake is van het creëren of versterken van een dominante machtspositie, maar waarbij mogelijk een significante beperking van de concurrentie optreedt doordat de fusie leidt tot de vermindering van concurrentiedruk op een beperkt aantal overgebleven marktspelers. De maatstaf die het Gerecht in CK Telecoms/Commissie aanlegt, lijkt bijzonder zwaar en nadert de bewijsstandaard voor collectieve dominantie zoals geformuleerd in het Airtours-arrest. Dit zal het moeilijk maken voor de Commissie (en nationale mededingingsautoriteiten) om dergelijke fusies in oligopolide markten in de toekomst nog te verbieden.
Gerecht 28 mei 2020, zaak T-399/16, ECLI:EU:T:2020:217 (CK Telecoms UK Investments/Commissie).

Hoewel het aanbestedingsrecht ten aanzien van niet-economische doelstellingen voorop lijkt te lopen ten opzichte van het mededingingsrecht, laten de in dit artikel besproken denkrichtingen zien dat ook binnen dit rechtsgebied mogelijk ruimte is om de aanbestedingsregels responsiever te maken ten aanzien van de maatschappelijke context waarin aanbestedingen momenteel plaatsvinden in Nederland en de EU.

De beschikbaarheid van vaste en mobiele netwerken met zeer hoge capaciteit, zoals glasvezelnetwerken en 5G-netwerken, is cruciaal in de digitale economie. De Richtlijn van 11 december 2018 tot vaststelling van het Europees wetboek voor elektronische communicatie (‘de Telecomcode’) heeft als doelstelling om bij te dragen aan de ontwikkeling van hoogwaardige netwerken. Deze connectiviteitsdoelstelling staat naast de reeds bestaande doelstellingen op het gebied van mededinging, interne markt en de bescherming van eindgebruikers. Deze bijdrage beschrijft allereerst de maatregelen, veelal soft law, die ter invulling van de connectiviteitsdoelstelling in de twee jaar na de vaststelling van de Telecomcode op Europees niveau zijn genomen, zoals Berec-richtsnoeren met een verduidelijking van nieuwe begrippen en instrumenten in de Telecomcode en een Aanbeveling van de Commissie voor een toolbox om de kosten van aanleg van nieuwe netwerken te verlagen. Daarna komt de gedeeltelijke implementatie in de Nederlandse Telecommunicatiewet aan de orde. Vervolgens passeert de jurisprudentie de revue, waarin een uitleg van de reikwijdte en de inhoud van het kader voorafgaand aan de Telecomcode, en van de Netneutraliteitsrverordening wordt gegeven. Daarbij wordt, waar relevant, ook benoemd hoe de uitleg zicht verhoudt tot de Telecomcode en de Nederlandse implementatie.

Op 19 juni 2020 deed de Hoge Raad uitspraak in twee kwesties waarin de aansprakelijkheid van de hulpverlener voor het gebruik van een ongeschikte medische hulpzaak centraal stond. De auteur gaat in op de betekenis van deze uitspraken in het licht van eerdere jurisprudentie op dit terrein en geeft haar visie op de bruikbaarheid van de uitspraken in de praktijk.

This article contains a critical review of the provisions in the Dutch penal code regarding group defamation and hate speech. It is argued that not only these provisions themselves but also their application by the Dutch supreme court, constitutes a problem for the legitimacy and functioning of representative democracy. This is due to the tendency of the supreme court to employ special constraints for offensive, hateful or discriminatory speech by politicians. Because such a special constraint is not provided or even implied by the legislator, the jurisprudence of the supreme court is likely to end up in judicial overreach and therefore constitutes a potential – if not actual – breach in the separation of powers. In order to forestall these consequences, the protection of particularly political speech should be improved, primarily by a revision of the articles 137c and 137d of the Dutch penal code or the extension of parliamentary immunity.

The aim of this study was to provide more insight in prevalence and aetiology of juvenile frequent offending, employing police registered data as well as self-report information. We combined data about 519 youths that participated in a self-report study in the region of The Hague with police register data (the HKS system) from the police unit of The Hague. The results indicate that a substantial part of youths that report a large amount of offenses themselves are not formally known as ‘juvenile frequent offender’. Causal factors derived from four major criminological theories can be found in a more pronounced way among juvenile frequent offenders than among youths that incidentally commit offenses. In general, there are similarities between the characteristics of juvenile frequent offenders defined by police register data and those defined by self-reports, but, on average, frequent offenders that are known by the police spend more time unstructured socializing with friends. We conclude that research using the method of self-report is well capable to find juvenile frequent offenders, and that this method also leads to useful information about the causes of their delinquent behaviour.

Online fraudsters seem to adapt to new digital opportunities. While the academic literature about phishing mainly focuses on phishing through emails, fraudsters also appear to use new means of communication and platforms to find and deceive their victims. Based on analysis of 728 police reports from the period from June 20th to August 20th 2019, this article provides a descriptive study on the new phenomenon of payment request fraud on the Dutch advertisement platform Marktplaats.nl (similar to eBay). The article will provide a thorough description of the crime script and its success factors. As fraudsters now use new means of communication, it will also be assessed to what extent they use new persuasion techniques, and to what extent victims may have different characteristics. The research, therefore, focuses on the modus operandi, persuasion techniques used by the fraudsters, and victim characteristics.

Romance scams have seen a worldwide increase and are one of the most financially damaging forms of cybercrime. In addition, victims suffer strong emotional impact and are confronted with victim blaming. Research shows how the combination of various emotional and financial impact can induce a ‘double-hit’ on victims. Knowledge and possibilities for law enforcement are insufficient, which leads to a lack of financial compensation and support for victims.

Het fusietoezicht in de zorg staat al jaren ter discussie. Dit artikel gaat in op (1) de invoering van en ervaringen met de zorgspecifieke fusietoets en (2) de ontwikkelingen in het mededingingstoezicht op zorgfusies. Bij de zorgspecifieke fusietoets valt te betwijfelen of de voordelen opwegen tegen de nadelen. Dit pleit voor een herbezinning op nut en noodzaak van deze toets. Het mededingingstoezicht op zorgfusies is lange tijd te toegeeflijk geweest. Er lijkt sprake van een kentering, maar deze komt te laat om in sommige zorgsectoren en regio’s dominante machtposities te voorkomen. Vandaar dat sterker optreden tegen machtsposities geboden is.

On the 25th and 26th October 2018, the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University hosted a conference on The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Practice: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Courts. This article presents some of the key findings of the conference and summarises several of the speakers’ contributions to the conference.

For a century and a half, the Dutch police and the army cooperated in combating civil disturbances. It was common practice that soldiers were called from their barracks to assist in maintaining public order. However, to deploy the army against civilians raised fundamental questions about its legitimacy. As a result some Dutch police forces began implementing military tactics and using military equipment to do the job themselves. The high watermark of this development lies in the years between the two world wars, when revolution and civic unrest always seemed imminent. The post-war years were marked by the Cold War and fear of communist insurrection. Militarized units were always kept in reserve. Nowadays, the army still renders assistance, usually not ‘manu militari’, but on matters that require special expertise.

This study focusses on determinants of willingness to report cybercrime to the police or to other organizations and motivations for (not) reporting victimization. In this study, a questionnaire containing vignettes is used. Vignettes are semi-experimental designs in which hypothetical situations are presented and certain factors can be manipulated between and within respondents. Factors that are measured within the vignettes are the type and seriousness of the offence, the relationship between offender and victim and which possibilities for reporting the offence are available.
It is shown that the type of offence is an important determinant for willingness to report the offence, which is highest for fraud, followed by hacking and malware. Likewise, willingness to report is higher for more serious offences than for less serious offences. These results are comparable to results on willingness to report traditional crimes.
With regard to psychological determinants, results are not in line with previous results on willingness to report traditional crimes. For the relationship between offender and victim, mixed results are found. If the offender is an acquaintance of the victim, willingness to report to the police increases, but willingness to report to another organization decreases, compared to the offender being unfamiliar to the victim. Another surprising result is that no correlation is found between attitudes towards the police and willingness to report offences. Also unexpectedly, it is found that respondents who have previously reported crime and were unsatisfied about this experience, were more willing to report offences than respondents who never reported crimes before.
Regarding motivations for willingness to report, it is found that, in general, motivations for reporting cybercrime are strongly comparable to motivations for reporting traditional crime, however, differences in motivations are found between the different types of cybercrime.

Comparative methodology is an important and a widely used method in the legal literature. This method is important inter alia to search for alternative national rules and acquire a deeper understanding of a country’s law. According to a survey of over 500 Dutch legal scholars, 61 per cent conducts comparative research (in some form). However, the methodological application of comparative research generally leaves much to be desired. This is particularly true when it comes to case selection. This applies in particular to conceptual and dogmatic research questions, possibly also allowing causal explanations for differences between countries. This article suggests that the use of an interdisciplinary research design could be helpful, and Hofstede’s cultural-psychological dimensions can offer a solution to improve the methodology of selection criteria.

In deze bijdrage staat de tweede uitspraak van het Constitutioneel Hof Sint Maarten centraal. Daarin vernietigde het Hof de Landsverordening Integriteitskamer. Het Hof heeft er in deze uitspraak voor gekozen om eerst in te gaan op de door de Ombudsman aangevoerde formele bezwaren. In deze bijdrage zullen wij in het bijzonder stilstaan bij de gekozen toetsingsvolgorde. Wij starten met een bespreking van de rechtvaardiging die het Hof voor deze toetsingsvolgorde geeft, om vervolgens de wijze waarop het Hof de formele bezwaren beoordeelt aan een nadere beschouwing te onderwerpen. De afsluitende paragraaf van deze bijdrage bevat een korte reflectie op het oordeel van het Hof om op basis van zijn bevindingen de Landsverordening Integriteitskamer geheel te vernietigen. In deze bijdrage wordt regelmatig teruggegrepen naar de uitgangspunten die het Hof in de algemene overwegingen van de eerste uitspraak heeft uiteenzet. In deze algemene overwegingen heeft het Hof zijn eigen toetsingsbevoegdheid ingekaderd.

Attention for youth group crime is important, because the majority of juvenile crime is committed in groups or is the result of group dynamic processes. The police makes an inventory of youth groups with the help of an instrument (called ‘the shortlist’). In the Netherlands this has contributed to an integral approach on the group, domain and individual level. Although there are some side effects, findings suggest that this approach is effective. This fact, together with other developments in juvenile crime, has led to the further development of the shortlist instrument. Its basis, i.e. applying focus and an integral analysis of a youth group as a starting point for an integral approach, is herein maintained.

This contribution explores the hypothesis that the rise of social media use and smartphone possession since 2007 contributed substantially to the international decrease in juvenile crime. The author addresses three processes that aid in understanding how social media and smartphones may have contributed to decreasing juvenile crime statistics. First, activity patterns of young people may have been altered in such a way that substantial less time is spent with unstructured socializing in public places. Second, the rise of social media may have led to additional and alternative possibilities to fulfill psychological and social needs of adolescents, taking away many immaterial motivations for juvenile crime. Third, it is possible that social media and smartphone use have facilitated a shift from offline to online juvenile crime, which is less detected and visible in official crime figures. While these theoretical arguments make the hypothesis plausible, research is needed to provide empirical evidence on the role of social media and smartphones in juvenile crime.