Little is known about (former) partners of 1%motorcycle club members. Social professionals working with victims of domestic violence in shelters have regular encounters with these mostly female (ex-)partners. In this exploratory contribution we wonder what is known about domestic violence amongst people with (ex-)partners of 1%motorcycle club members and the consequences of the involvement of a motorcycle club for tackling this violence. Based on thirteen semi-structured interviews with social professionals working in a shelter, external professionals and (ex-)partners, the link between domestic violence and membership of a motorcycle club could not be verified. What this research does show is that safety is the number one priority in working with these (ex-)partners. Furthermore, it shows how complex it is to assess the seriousness of potential threat coming from these 1%motorcyle clubs. Further research on domestic violence in environments associated with organised crime and the cooperation between the judiciary system and social professionals is needed to improve safety and wellbeing for this specific group.

Four phases of the Corona crisis are distinguished: a first acute phase, the gradual transition to a new normal, the economic downturn and the long run. The article describes what happened in the courts in the first and in the beginning of the second phase, and what is subsequently likely to happen. In the acute phase the court buildings shut down, and adjudication came largely to a halt. The courts were late in opening up, and as a result backlogs of, in particular, criminal cases increased. The courts extended their use of digital tools (e.g. tele-hearings) that, while allowing cases to proceed, did not fully protect the rights of parties. While so far the volume of commercial cases and bankruptcies has not increased, a (rapid) increase is inevitable. Contract breach will be wide spread, and will give rise to fundamental legal issues. For economic recovery it is essential that the courts give clear and consistent guidance in these matters quickly. This requires the courts to reduce the currently long duration of civil cases, and to use the available procedures to get expeditious decisions of the Supreme Court. The courts will also need to develop their ICT-instruments rapidly to guarantee the rights of parties. After a difficult first phase, the courts now face the challenge to effectively guide society through the Corona crisis and its aftermath, and thereby play its role in the trias politica.

The Dobersberger decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union deals with the legal situation of posted workers on an international train. These workers, employed by a Hungarian company and based in Hungary, operate on a train connecting Budapest with Salzburg and Munich. The Court concludes against their inclusion under the Posting of Workers Directive, considering their connection to the Austrian territory as too limited. This decision is based on a selective representation of the facts and sits difficultly with the letter of the law and the intention of the legislator.

In this article, we focus on how the education system can be used to promote equality in the context of changing people’s hearts and minds – values, morals and mindsets. The duties contained in the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (‘Equality Act’) bind private and public schools, educators, learners, governing bodies and the state. The Equality Act calls on the state and all persons to promote substantive equality, but the relevant sections in the Equality Act have not been given effect yet, and are therefore currently not enforceable. We set out how the duty to promote equality should be concretised in the Equality Act to inter alia use the education system to promote equality in schools; in other words, how should an enforceable duty to promote equality in schools be fashioned in terms of the Equality Act. Should the relevant sections relating to the promotion of equality come into effect in their current form, enforcement of the promotion of equality will take the form of obliging schools to draft action plans and submit these to the South African Human Rights Commission. We deem this approach inadequate and therefore propose certain amendments to the Equality Act to allow for a more sensible monitoring of schools’ duty to promote equality. We explain how the duty to promote equality should then play out practically in the classroom to facilitate a change in learners’ hearts and minds.

In dit artikel gaat auteur in op het leerstuk van de relatieve competentie bij een door de minister vastgesteld beheerplan op grond van de Wet natuurbescherming en een door de minister vastgesteld peilbesluit op grond van de Waterwet

In de nieuwe Wet elektronische publicaties en het onderliggende Besluit elektronische publicaties is een bepaling die het aanbieden van een geconsolideerde versie van algemeen verbindende voorschriften verplicht. De huidige uitzondering voor algemeen verbindende voorschriften in ruimtelijke besluiten, zoals het bestemmingsplan, komt te vervallen. Auteur behandelt de gevolgen van de verplichting om een geconsolideerde versie aan te bieden van ruimtelijke besluiten en met name het omgevingsplan.

In dit artikel wordt een stand van zaken gegeven van de stelselherziening omgevingsrecht. Het bevat een kort overzicht van de parlementaire behandeling en een vooruitblik op het vervolg van de stelselherziening in het najaar van 2020.

De centrale vraag in dit artikel is: welke gezichtspunten biedt de jurisprudentie van de Hoge Raad voor de beoordeling of het gebruik van de wettelijke mogelijkheden tot het sluiten van opvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd in een concreet geval moet worden aangemerkt als misbruik en hoe verhouden deze gezichtspunten zich tot later ingevoerde wetgeving alsmede de opvattingen van de regering over het gebruik van opvolgende arbeidsovereenkomsten voor bepaalde tijd?

Applying the ECJ’s Maschek judgment, the Zutphen subdistrict court has found that an employee was not entitled to an allowance in lieu of untaken paid annual leave at the end of the employment relationship, as she had already received special leave. Moreover, the obligation to inform the employee concerning the right to (exercise) paid annual leave did not rest upon the employer.

De auteur onderzoekt de reikwijdte van art. 7:628 BW in geval van niet werken vanwege corona. De conclusie is dat de wetsgeschiedenis alle ruimte biedt voor maatwerk en als uitgangspunt steun biedt voor het ‘overmachtsverweer’ van de werkgever. De feitenrechtspraak 2020 laat een ander beeld zien. Ook staat de auteur stil bij de vraag of werknemers een recht hebben op thuiswerken en/of werkgevers werknemers kunnen dwingen thuis te werken.

The administrative law sector of the Overijssel Court has asked preliminary questions about the level of holiday pay during sickness, in situations where sick pay is lower than regular pay. This enables the ECJ to clarify its case law on holiday pay once more.

The central question in this case was what was the objectively applicable law to an employment contract concluded between a Turkish airline and a Dutch co-pilot, in accordance with Article 8 Rome I. The ruling is particularly interesting for the relation between the habitual place of work and the exception clause and points to the elements that should be taken into account.

The recent spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has shown how economic vulnerability varies considerably across European Member States (MSs), and so does social protection in the European Union (EU). The social and economic consequences of the pandemic have impacted asymmetrically national labour markets and exacerbated existing disparities and contradictions. A measure that most governments have introduced in the immediate aftermath has been that of making financial support available to those self-employed workers who lost fully or in part their income. Most MSs have employed quantitative thresholds to identify those self-employed more in need of public subsidies and have proportioned them according to the pre-pandemic levels of income, on the condition that they have been officially recorded as taxable revenues.
Despite their heterogeneity, we can reasonably affirm that the self-employed have been one of the most exposed clusters of the labour market to in-work poverty and economic uncertainty, which proved to be particularly problematic in periods of unforeseeable crisis, such as that of 2008 and even more so that of 2020. This article explores the range of EU-level measures designed for the self-employed and questions their potential impact on MSs’ legislation.

The overexploitation of nature has led to anthropogenic defaunation, which results in complex socioeconomic, political and ecological consequences. Influenced by the economic growth of modernization and the interconnectedness of globalization, zoonotic diseases emerge as incalculable side effects of defaunation. By rejecting anthropocentric worldviews, this article critically examines anthropogenic defaunation and the causes and consequences of the coronavirus pandemic from a green criminological perspective.

In the last decade neuropsychological insights have gained influence with regard to age boundaries in legal procedures, however, in Dutch civil law no such influence can be distinguished. Recently, voices have been raised to improve children’s legal position in civil law: to reflect upon the minimum age limit of twelve years for children to be invited to be heard in court and the need for children to have a stronger procedural position.
In this article, first the current legal position of children in Dutch law and practice will be analysed. Second, development of psychological constructs relevant for family law will be discussed in relation to underlying brain developmental processes and contextual effects. These constructs encompass cognitive capacity, autonomy, stress responsiveness and (peer) pressure.
From the first part it becomes clear that in Dutch family law, there is a tortuous jungle of age limits, exceptions and limitations regarding children’s procedural rights. Until recently, the Dutch government has been reluctant to improve the child’s procedural position in family law. Over the last two years, however, there has been an inclination towards further reflecting on improvements to the child’s procedural rights, which, from a children’s rights perspective, is an important step forward. Relevant neuropsychological insights support improvements for a better realisation of the child’s right to be heard, such as hearing children younger than twelve years of age in civil court proceedings.

Rehabilitation of hospitalized offenders is a stepwise process ideally achieved through four consecutive types of leave: supervised, unsupervised, extra-institutional and a probational leave. However, in reality this sequence may often be deviated from. The current study was undertaken to examine the most common deviations and the relationship with how the treatment ended (e.g. positive/negative). File information of 422 offenders previously admitted to a high-secure forensic hospital was used. Deviations from the standard sequence are relatively common. Probational leave is often missing, and one in ten sequences contains a suspension of leave. The relevance for forensic and legal professionals is discussed.

Het (Europeesrechtelijke) recht van vrije advocaatkeuze in rechtsbijstandverzekeringen is in de afgelopen jaren sterk geëvolueerd. De bijdrage focust op de achtergrond van dit keuzerecht (voorkoming van belangenconflicten) en recente rechtspraak van het HvJ EU. Het keuzerecht lijkt een geheel nieuwe dimensie te krijgen, buiten de kaders van gerechtelijke en administratieve procedures.

De auteurs stellen de vraag of de lat voor wetgevingsjuristen nu hoger lijkt te liggen dan voorheen. De inhoudelijke eisen aan goede wetgeving zijn niet wezenlijk veranderd, hoewel zij een sterke verfijning te zien geven. Ook de roep om een betere verbinding tussen wetgeving, beleid en uitvoering is niet nieuw. Wel zien de auteurs dat maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen als de meer participerende rol van de overheid, de complexiteit van de maatschappelijke vraagstukken en de toenemende druk op het totstandkomingstempo van wetgeving de omgeving van de wetgevingsjurist en de omstandigheden waaronder hij zijn werk verricht aanzienlijk hebben veranderd. Op de vaardigheden als samenwerking, flexibiliteit, je kunnen verplaatsen in anderen en snel schakelen wordt in de loop der tijd een steeds sterker beroep gedaan.

Op 21 februari 2020 wees de Hoge Raad een tweetal beschikkingen waarin de vraag naar de mogelijkheid van gedeeltelijke ontbinding en het toetsingsmoment van ontbindingsbeschikkingen in hoger beroep centraal stond. Op beide punten was nadere richting gewenst. De Kolom-beschikking kon vermoeden dat een belangrijke stap gezet was richting de mogelijkheid van een gedeeltelijke ontbinding. Niets blijkt minder waar, getuige het oordeel in de Victoria-beschikking, of toch…? Ook de vraag naar het toetsingsmoment van ontslagzaken in hoger beroep heeft de gemoederen beziggehouden. De Hoge Raad komt niet tot een uniform antwoord. Gaat het om een afgewezen ontbindingsbeschikking, dan is de toetsing in hoger beroep ex nunc; gaat het om een toegewezen ontbindingsbeschikking, dan is de toetsing ex tunc. Deze bijdrage onderwerpt de twee beschikkingen aan een nadere analyse.