In the last decade neuropsychological insights have gained influence with regard to age boundaries in legal procedures, however, in Dutch civil law no such influence can be distinguished. Recently, voices have been raised to improve children’s legal position in civil law: to reflect upon the minimum age limit of twelve years for children to be invited to be heard in court and the need for children to have a stronger procedural position.
In this article, first the current legal position of children in Dutch law and practice will be analysed. Second, development of psychological constructs relevant for family law will be discussed in relation to underlying brain developmental processes and contextual effects. These constructs encompass cognitive capacity, autonomy, stress responsiveness and (peer) pressure.
From the first part it becomes clear that in Dutch family law, there is a tortuous jungle of age limits, exceptions and limitations regarding children’s procedural rights. Until recently, the Dutch government has been reluctant to improve the child’s procedural position in family law. Over the last two years, however, there has been an inclination towards further reflecting on improvements to the child’s procedural rights, which, from a children’s rights perspective, is an important step forward. Relevant neuropsychological insights support improvements for a better realisation of the child’s right to be heard, such as hearing children younger than twelve years of age in civil court proceedings.

De WHOA introduceert een nieuwe akkoordprocedure (bestaande uit twee varianten) in de Faillissementswet. Hiermee kan een schuldenaar een onderhands akkoord aanbieden aan zijn schuldeisers en aandeelhouders. Indien aan bepaalde voorwaarden is voldaan, kan de rechter het akkoord homologeren. Dan zijn alle stemgerechtigde schuldeisers en aandeelhouders gebonden aan het gehomologeerde akkoord.

Sinds het Britse referendum van juni 2016 was duidelijk dat Brexit voor de Europese en Nederlandse visserij een enorm probleem zou worden. De Leavers hadden immers campagne gevoerd met de leuze ‘soevereiniteit in eigen wateren’, dat betekende dat ze de Britse visgronden wilden reserveren voor Britse vissers en de buitenlandse vissersschepen daaruit wilden weren. Dit betrof vooral het Kanaal, de Noordzee en de wateren rond Schotland, waar bijvoorbeeld Nederlandse vissersschepen al decennia lang vissen op bijvoorbeeld tong, schol, makreel, haring.
De vraag kan gesteld worden of en in hoeverre het Verenigd Koninkrijk de toegang tot zijn visgronden kan verbieden of beperken. Deze vraag zal in dit artikel als eerste behandeld worden.
Ook Britse schepen vissen in wateren van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie en zouden dit na Brexit zonder toestemming niet meer mogen doen. Het lijkt dan ook in het belang van beide partijen om een overeenkomst te sluiten waarin men elkaars schepen in zekere mate toegang tot elkaars visgronden geeft. In dat geval komt de volgende vraag aan de orde: hoe zit het met de toewijzing aan de Europese Unie van de in de Britse respectievelijk EU-wateren te vangen hoeveelheden vis? Deze zijn immers beperkt teneinde de visbestanden niet uit te putten.
Tot slot, er is natuurlijk een nauw verband tussen de gevangen vis en de toegang tot de markt. Daarom is de laatste vraag die hier behandeld zal worden die van de toegang tot de Europese en Britse markten.

Reports by citizens are a great source of information for the police. Local residents often know well what is going on in their neighborhood and which situations are suspicious. In this study, an online survey was conducted to investigate what drives citizens to report to the police. A wide range of individual, social and institutional drivers were explored. The results show that the more often people have reported anything to the police in the past, the higher their risk perception, self-efficacy, citizen participation and police legitimacy. Furthermore, participants with a higher degree of self-efficacy, response efficacy, trust in the police and police legitimacy appeared to be more willing to report in the future. An open question regarding what motivates people the most to report show that response efficacy (the idea to what extent reporting has an effect on increasing safety and reducing crime) and altruistic values (justice, to help society and punish the perpetrators) were mentioned most frequently.

Citizens investigating crimes themselves is a growing trend, because of democratization of information (e.g. social media), tools (e.g. apps) and knowledge (e.g. explanimations on YouTube). More and more citizens do their own research as modern Sherlocks. The police has to handle these trends in line with participant wishes and the law, but does not yet have concrete tools to do so. This article explores how the police participate in contemporary citizen criminal investigations, including the difficulties and benefits experienced. The obtained insights of the presented research serve as guidance, which can help police officers understand how to participate with citizens who have started, or want to start, a criminal investigation. The presented model explains how police can use it to better guide and stimulate, but also stop or protect citizens in their investigative activities. An app with professional guidance was piloted in four police units to participate with citizens that do their own research and learn from expectations and experiences. Citizens need guidance, but more importantly expect a certain degree of reciprocity in collaborating with police in criminal investigations.

In former times, citizens themselves were responsible for ensuring and protecting their own safety. Over the years, this responsibility largely shifted to the government, partly due to the establishment of an institutionalized police force. In recent years, citizens have increasingly reestablishing themselves in domain of social security. Citizens are engaged in tasks that are traditionally seen as primarily the responsibility of the police, such as law enforcement, criminal investigation and immediate in case of emergencies.
Technology can be considered as one of the major driving forces behind this increasing contribution of citizens in the field of security. Technology makes it possible to quickly find and share information and enhances people’s ability to deal with cognitively complex tasks. In a certain way, technology democratizes police work by making the skills and tools available for every citizen.
In this article we will discuss the value of a specific form of technological support for citizens in their search for missing persons: the missing persons app ‘Sarea’. The Netherlands has a high number of missing persons and in many incidents citizens start searching themselves. Often, this citizen initiatives are uncoordinated. Therefore, an app has been developed by the police to help citizens start and coordinate their own searches for a missing person.

It is often assumed that digital neighbourhood watch groups lead to more emergency calls and more arrests by the police. This article revolves around the question whether or not these groups actually contribute to reducing crime in the Netherlands. It does so by looking at recent studies and the results of researchers’ own ‘realist evaluation’ of the city of Rotterdam’s policy on digital neighbourhood watch. The latter includes a reconstruction of the program theory and ten case studies with different types of groups. The reconstruction of program theory revealed two main routes to crime reduction: 1) more emergency calls and more arrests by the police and 2) more social control. Chat histories have been studied and moderators, participants, non-participants and professionals were interviewed on their perception of active mechanisms and on the efficacy of their group. None of the respondents believed their group led to an increased number of arrests, but interviews and chat histories show that crime can be reduced by means of social control. Social control by neighbours limits the opportunity for crime and disturbs criminal acts. Other studies in the Netherlands support this finding. The article closes by putting digital neighbourhood watch in a citizen’s perspective with suggestions to improve the efficacy of digital neighbourhood watch groups and the notion that for citizens, crime reduction is not the only or principal goal.

‘Illiberal’ is an adjective that is commonly used by scholars. For example, they might speak of ‘illiberal cultures’, ‘illiberal groups’, ‘illiberal states’, ‘illiberal democracies’, ‘illiberal beliefs’, and ‘illiberal practices’. Yet despite its widespread usage, no in-depth discussions exist of exactly what it means for someone or something to be illiberal, or might mean. This article fills this lacuna by providing a conceptual analysis of the term ‘illiberal practices’, which I argue is basic in that other bearers of the property of being illiberal can be understood by reference to it. Specifically, I identify five ways in which a practice can be illiberal based on the different ways in which this term is employed within both scholarly and political discourses. The main value of this disaggregation lies in the fact that it helps to prevent confusions that arise when people use the adjective ‘illiberal’ in different ways, as is not uncommon.

In deze bijdrage behandelt de auteur de materiële wijzigingen van de geschillenregeling van het voorontwerp. Het voorontwerp is een stap in de goede richting naar een effectieve(re) geschillenregeling, maar komt niet aan alle bezwaren tegemoet.

De auteur zet uiteen hoe de verhouding tussen onderneming en vennootschap zich vanaf 1900 heeft ontwikkeld. De auteur verwacht dat de invloed van de politiek op de onderneming en vennootschap in de komende jaren zal toenemen. Aan het slot van zijn beschouwing maakt de auteur een paar opmerkingen over de invloed van digitalisering op het vennootschapsrecht.
‘The future is unknowable, but the past should give us hope.’¹xUitspraak toegeschreven aan Winston Churchill.

Noten

• * Tekst van een niet uitgesproken oratie bij het aanvaarden van het vijfjarige honoraire hoogleraarschap ondernemingsrecht, in het bijzonder zijn historische ontwikkeling, aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. Ik ben de Erasmus Universiteit dankbaar voor het voorrecht van dit hoogleraarschap (op mijn gevorderde leeftijd van 70 jaar). Een eerdere versie van dit betoog hield de auteur op 13 februari 2020 op een bijeenkomst georganiseerd door het Rotterdamse advocatenkantoor Windt Legrand Leeuwenburgh.

• 1 Uitspraak toegeschreven aan Winston Churchill.

Professionals from various organisations within Dutch local governments are working together in an integrated-personalized-approach in order to prevent disturbing and criminal behavior in multi problem young adults. The Startbaan study, which focused on the collaboration within such local integrated-approaches, shows that multidisciplinary collaboration is hard to reach because of the amount and versatility of organisations involved as well as the complexity of problems in multi problem young adults. Results from the Startbaan study combined with findings from literature show that a functional mix of organizational conditions and specific professional abilities is needed in order to work together successfully.

In our daily decision-making processes, attitudes play an important role. An attitude is an evaluative judgement of a person, object or an issue on a scale of favorability. A large amount of research has been done on the role of attitudes in our daily decision-making processes. There is, however, a gap in empirical knowledge when it concerns the role of attitudes in the professional judicial decision-making process. It has been accepted that the professional judicial decision-making process has a subjective element, but this subjective element remains unexplained. Attitudes are inherently personal and subjective, and they can make our decision-making process easier. They can, however, also be the basis for biases and prejudices. Herein lies a potential risk, especially in the professional judicial decision-making process. If attitudes play a role in the decision-making process of judges there is a possibility that impartiality, one of the judiciary’s core professional values, might be unobtainable. To see whether attitudes play a role in the professional judicial decision-making process semi-structured interviews will be conducted among judges, who will also be asked to fill in a scenario survey. Hopefully the obtained data will lead to a start in filling this gap in empirical knowledge.

In de (internationale) overnamepraktijk wordt in overnamecontracten veelvuldig gecontracteerd onder één of meer opschortende voorwaarden. Veel van de opschortende voorwaarden die partijen overeenkomen, bevatten een potestatief element: de vervulling van de voorwaarde is (grotendeels) afhankelijk van de wil van een van de contractspartijen. In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs veelgebruikte voorwaarden uit de praktijk. De auteurs gaan in op de vraag of deze voorwaarden potestatief zijn en wat het effect daarvan zou zijn op (verbintenissen uit) het overnamecontract. De auteurs sluiten af met enkele aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van voorwaarden in de praktijk.

De komst van volledig zelfrijdende auto’s roept veel juridische problemen op. Aan de hand van een scenario wordt onderzocht welke vragen van aansprakelijkheid rijzen en hoe deze dienen te worden beantwoord. De nadruk zal daarbij liggen op de productaansprakelijkheid. Daarbij zal de auteur in hoofdzaak putten uit haar recent afgeronde promotieonderzoek.

Na de bevrijding ontstond al snel het beeld dat ‘de’ Nederlanders zich tijdens de oorlog heldhaftig hadden verzet tegen de Jodenvervolging en het nationaalsocialistische onrecht. De naoorlogse berichten over de moord op meer dan 102.000 Nederlandse Joden brachten dit zelfbeeld nauwelijks aan het wankelen. Dat werd anders, toen in de jaren zestig van de vorige eeuw bleek dat de nazi’s gedurende de Tweede Wereldoorlog uit geen enkel land in West-Europa zo veel Joden hadden gedeporteerd en omgebracht als uit Nederland. Deze bijdrage staat stil bij het verzet van Nederlandse juristen tegen onrechtvaardig recht, in het bijzonder tegen de antisemitische maatregelen.

Op 6 februari 2020 vond in Amsterdam ter gelegenheid van de verschijning van het boek Diversiteit in de Van der Heijden-reeks een symposium plaats. De sprekers hebben elk een ander aspect van het overkoepelende thema diversiteit belicht. In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur in hoofdlijnen hun voordrachten.

Education should be aimed at supporting student learning. ICT may support student learning. It also may help students to learn and increase their involvement and thus their efforts. Blended learning has the potential to improve study behaviour of students, thus becoming an indispensable part of their education. It may improve their preparation level, and as a result, face-to-face education will be more efficient and more profound (e.g. by offering more challenging tasks), lifting the learning process to a higher level. Moreover, the interaction between students and teachers may be improved by using ICT. A necessary condition to lift students’ learning to a higher (better: deeper) learning level is that all students acquire basic knowledge before they engage in face-to-face teaching. In a First-Year Course Introduction to Private Law, we recently introduced a Scalable Learning environment. This environment allows the acquiring and testing of factual knowledge at individual pace, in a modern and appealing way (independent of time and place). The link between offline and online education during face-to-face teaching is made by using Learning Analytics, provided by the Scalable Learning environment. After the implementation of Scalable Learning, a survey on its effect on learning has been performed by means of questionnaires. The results were compared at the beginning and at the end of the course, related to the approaches taken by teachers as well as to the exam results. This article presents the outcomes of this study.