Met de publicatie van de Leidraad tariefafspraken zzp’ers beoogt de Autoriteit Consument & Markt (ACM) duidelijkheid te scheppen over de verenigbaarheid van zulke afspraken met het mededingingsrecht. Aangezien zzp’ers in de regel worden gezien als onderneming, vallen onderlinge afspraken over prijzen in beginsel onder het kartelverbod. De ACM signaleert de zorg dat zzp’ers door concurrentie onder het bestaansminimum uitkomen. Zij heeft in de Leidraad drie volgens haar toepasselijke uitzonderingen op het kartelverbod geformuleerd. Daarnaast kondigt de ACM aan het kartelverbod niet te zullen handhaven ten aanzien van afspraken die het door het kabinet beoogde minimumloon voor zzp’ers van 16 euro per uur vastleggen. Of dit minimumloon er komt en wat het voor deze toezegging betekent als dit niet het geval is, zal moeten blijken.
Artikel 6 Mededingingswet en artikel 101 Verdrag betreffende de Werking van de Europese Unie

In deze zaak geeft het Hof van Justitie voor het eerst uitleg aan artikel 7 lid 3 onder c Richtlijn 2004/38/EG. De taalkundige onduidelijkheid in deze bepaling leidde in de zaak Tarola tot de vraag of een werknemer die na twee weken te hebben gewerkt onvrijwillig werkloos wordt, de status als werknemer behoudt. Het Hof van Justitie antwoordt hier bevestigend op waarbij nog eens wordt bevestigd dat het Hof van Justitie streeft naar een interpretatie van het begrip werknemer waar zo veel mogelijk personen onder vallen.
HvJ 11 april 2019, zaak C-483/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:309 (Neculai Tarola/Minister for Social Protection)

Het recht van vrij verkeer en verblijf van EU-burgers en hun familieleden in de EU wordt geregeld door de Burgerschapsrichtlijn. Dit recht is echter niet absoluut en kan worden geweigerd of ingetrokken wanneer een EU-burger onvoldoende inkomsten heeft om voor zichzelf en voor zijn familie te zorgen. Familieleden die geen EU-nationaliteit bezitten, hebben een recht om te verblijven in een gastlidstaat, wanneer zij hun familielid, die EU-burger is, begeleiden of zich bij deze EU-burger voegen. In de twee zaken die in dit artikel centraal staan, worden deze twee voorwaarden voor het verblijfsrecht van EU-burgers en hun familieleden door het Hof van Justitie nader uitgelegd.
HvJ 2 oktober 2019, zaak C-93/18, ECLI:EU:C:2019:809 (Ermira Bajratari/Secretary of State for the Home Department)
HvJ 10 september 2019, zaak. C-94/18, ECLI:EU:C:2019:692 (Nalini Chenchooliah/Minister for Justice and Equality)

Increasing digitization and datafication lead to an increasingly important role of data in our society and to changes in the way institutions work and decisions are made. Although it can lead to changes in the type of crime (e.g. cybercrime), datafication also facilitates shifts from visible and registered crime to crime that has not (yet) been measured and registered, like manifestations of organized crime. Analyzing so-called big data can help to recognize new forms of crime, predict risk factors, and decrease the dark number of these forms of crime.
In this study, we illustrate which indicators determine the stage of an industrial area regarding the occurrence of organized crime. Our supervised machine learning analysis shows that a number of indicators actually have predictive value for the degree of organized crime. These indicators could be used in the future to distinguish which industrial areas run an increased risk of organized and subversive crime.

Previously we have published an article about misunderstandings regarding trauma and PTSS. In this contribution we deal with other popular beliefs regarding trauma. We focus on trauma among professionals as a consequence of their work. It is explained that a professional does not have to witness violence or another severe case directly in order to develop some form of trauma. Next to that we focus on the misconception that professionals suffering from trauma can receive treatment without support of their loved ones and social network. It is explained that social support is not only relevant but necessary in treating trauma effectively.

Prison visitation is important for protecting against social isolation during imprisonment. It is also essential for maintaining contacts that are important for life in prison and after release. It is therefore not surprising that both nationally and internationally important policy measures and scientific research have been undertaken on the topic. Nationally, however, limited scientific research is available regarding how many, how often and from whom prisoners receive visits, how visits are experienced and the possible effects of visitation, thus leaving many questions unanswered. Meanwhile, in the past ten years great changes have been made to visitation in Dutch prison policy and practice. Given these recent developments, both scientists and practitioners could benefit from an overview of the current state of affairs of visitation. This article aims to bridge the gap between research, policy and practice by summarizing findings from the Life in Custody study. This study includes a description of how visitation is organized legally, at the policy level and in practice, a thorough review of prior research on visitation and an analysis of the most recent national data on the prevalence and frequency of visitation, while considering important differences between prisoners and prisons.

The relationship between debts and delinquency is still unclear and knowledge about the prevalence and scope of debts among delinquents, which is needed to systematically explore this relationship, is lacking. The present study contains a systematic and scoping literature review on this relationship and analyzed data from risk assessment and client files (N = 250) from the Dutch probation service. Results show that debt and crime are strongly related and that debts among probation clients are highly prevalent and complex and underline the importance of inquiring more knowledge about debts as a potential risk factor for relapse during supervision.

In this article we elaborate on the place of religion in the workplace. Does the individual freedom of religion imply that employers must always accommodate the religious claims of employees or can they boast a number of arguments allowing them to legitimately limit that freedom? And, conversely, do employers not also have a right to freedom of religion and a right to formulate certain religious expectations for their employees? In this contribution, we deal with these and related questions from a legal-philosophical perspective. The overall aim is to illustrate the extent to which univocal answers are jeopardized because of conceptual ambiguities. We first make a normative distinction between two strategies (i.e. difference-blind approach and difference-sensitive approach) and subsequently illustrate and elaborate on how and why these strategies can lead to different outcomes in legal cases. We illustrate the extent to which a contextual and proportional analysis can be a way out in theoretical and practical conundrums.

Increasingly often, it is stated that the universal values underpinning Western liberal democracies are a product of a ‘Judeo-Christian’ tradition. This article explores the legitimacy of this claim from the perspective of liberal-democratic theory. It argues that state-endorsed claims about the historical roots of liberal-democratic values are problematic (1) if they are promoted as though they are above democratic scrutiny and (2) if they insinuate that citizens who belong to a particular (majority) culture remain the ‘cultural owners’ of the core values underpinning the state. More pragmatically, the paper suggests that the claim carries the risk of failing to facilitate all citizens becoming or remaining committed to nurturing fundamental rights and a shared society based on norms of democratic equality.

In countries like Belgium and The Netherlands, there seems to be overwhelming public acceptance of transplantation and organ donation. Yet, paradoxically, part of the public refuses post-mortal donation of their own organs or of those of family members. It is customary within the transplantation context to accept the refusal of organ donation by family members “in order to accommodate their feelings”. I argue that this attitude does not take seriously what is really behind the refusal of donation by (at least some) family members. My hypothesis is that even in very secularized societies, this refusal is determined by cultural-symbolic attitudes vis-à-vis the (dead) human body (and some of its parts). The blind spot for this reality, both in the practice of and discussions around organ donation, prevents understanding of what is producing the paradox mentioned.

Ever since it was published in 2015, the judgment of the The Hague court in the so-called Urgenda-case, and the subsequent decisions of the appellate and cassation courts confirming it, have been met with repeated and vivid critiques. By recognizing the necessity of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and furthermore imposing a certain reduction level on the Dutch state, the judgments in the cases at hand gave rise to many questions concerning the position of the judiciary in the matter, and in Dutch society as a whole. This article attempts in the first place to situate the positions of the different actors intervening in the Urgenda-case within a legal-theoretical framework. The contribution subsequently explores the strategic possibilities that an alternative understanding of law could offer to the judges, focusing specifically on the use of legal instruments stemming from international law, brought into the reasoning of the national judge.

Arbeidsvoorwaardenvorming is primair een taak van werkgevers en werknemers en dit geschiedt veelal op collectief niveau. Werkgeversorganisaties en vakbonden onderhandelen over cao’s, die vervolgens door de Minister van SZW algemeen verbindend kunnen worden verklaard. Er zijn bewegingen zichtbaar waarbij individuele werkgevers in toenemende mate cao’s ontduiken of omzeilen, met het doel om tegen lagere arbeidsvoorwaarden werk aan te bieden. Het op een juiste wijze vormgeven van de werkingssfeer van cao’s en de handhaving spelen een belangrijke rol bij het tegengaan van ontduiking, en daarmee bij het waarborgen van een gelijk speelveld. Dit waarborgt op de lange termijn het nut en de waarde van de cao.

Nederland staat voor grote maatschappelijke opgaven, zoals klimaatadaptatie, de energietransitie en de stikstofproblematiek. Maatschappelijke partijen laten zien dat zij samen willen werken aan die opgaven. Deze partijen zoeken naar manieren om hun initiatieven te realiseren. De overheid beschikt over een aantal instrumenten om maatschappelijke partijen hierin te ondersteunen. In een indeling van privaat naar publiek worden de volgende instrumenten besproken: zelfregulering, publiek-private afspraken, algemeenverbindendverklaring, verordeningen van de bedrijfslichamen, het wetsvoorstel ruimte voor duurzaamheidsinitiatieven en reguliere wetgeving.