Reports by citizens are a great source of information for the police. Local residents often know well what is going on in their neighborhood and which situations are suspicious. In this study, an online survey was conducted to investigate what drives citizens to report to the police. A wide range of individual, social and institutional drivers were explored. The results show that the more often people have reported anything to the police in the past, the higher their risk perception, self-efficacy, citizen participation and police legitimacy. Furthermore, participants with a higher degree of self-efficacy, response efficacy, trust in the police and police legitimacy appeared to be more willing to report in the future. An open question regarding what motivates people the most to report show that response efficacy (the idea to what extent reporting has an effect on increasing safety and reducing crime) and altruistic values (justice, to help society and punish the perpetrators) were mentioned most frequently.

Citizens investigating crimes themselves is a growing trend, because of democratization of information (e.g. social media), tools (e.g. apps) and knowledge (e.g. explanimations on YouTube). More and more citizens do their own research as modern Sherlocks. The police has to handle these trends in line with participant wishes and the law, but does not yet have concrete tools to do so. This article explores how the police participate in contemporary citizen criminal investigations, including the difficulties and benefits experienced. The obtained insights of the presented research serve as guidance, which can help police officers understand how to participate with citizens who have started, or want to start, a criminal investigation. The presented model explains how police can use it to better guide and stimulate, but also stop or protect citizens in their investigative activities. An app with professional guidance was piloted in four police units to participate with citizens that do their own research and learn from expectations and experiences. Citizens need guidance, but more importantly expect a certain degree of reciprocity in collaborating with police in criminal investigations.

In former times, citizens themselves were responsible for ensuring and protecting their own safety. Over the years, this responsibility largely shifted to the government, partly due to the establishment of an institutionalized police force. In recent years, citizens have increasingly reestablishing themselves in domain of social security. Citizens are engaged in tasks that are traditionally seen as primarily the responsibility of the police, such as law enforcement, criminal investigation and immediate in case of emergencies.
Technology can be considered as one of the major driving forces behind this increasing contribution of citizens in the field of security. Technology makes it possible to quickly find and share information and enhances people’s ability to deal with cognitively complex tasks. In a certain way, technology democratizes police work by making the skills and tools available for every citizen.
In this article we will discuss the value of a specific form of technological support for citizens in their search for missing persons: the missing persons app ‘Sarea’. The Netherlands has a high number of missing persons and in many incidents citizens start searching themselves. Often, this citizen initiatives are uncoordinated. Therefore, an app has been developed by the police to help citizens start and coordinate their own searches for a missing person.

It is often assumed that digital neighbourhood watch groups lead to more emergency calls and more arrests by the police. This article revolves around the question whether or not these groups actually contribute to reducing crime in the Netherlands. It does so by looking at recent studies and the results of researchers’ own ‘realist evaluation’ of the city of Rotterdam’s policy on digital neighbourhood watch. The latter includes a reconstruction of the program theory and ten case studies with different types of groups. The reconstruction of program theory revealed two main routes to crime reduction: 1) more emergency calls and more arrests by the police and 2) more social control. Chat histories have been studied and moderators, participants, non-participants and professionals were interviewed on their perception of active mechanisms and on the efficacy of their group. None of the respondents believed their group led to an increased number of arrests, but interviews and chat histories show that crime can be reduced by means of social control. Social control by neighbours limits the opportunity for crime and disturbs criminal acts. Other studies in the Netherlands support this finding. The article closes by putting digital neighbourhood watch in a citizen’s perspective with suggestions to improve the efficacy of digital neighbourhood watch groups and the notion that for citizens, crime reduction is not the only or principal goal.

‘Illiberal’ is an adjective that is commonly used by scholars. For example, they might speak of ‘illiberal cultures’, ‘illiberal groups’, ‘illiberal states’, ‘illiberal democracies’, ‘illiberal beliefs’, and ‘illiberal practices’. Yet despite its widespread usage, no in-depth discussions exist of exactly what it means for someone or something to be illiberal, or might mean. This article fills this lacuna by providing a conceptual analysis of the term ‘illiberal practices’, which I argue is basic in that other bearers of the property of being illiberal can be understood by reference to it. Specifically, I identify five ways in which a practice can be illiberal based on the different ways in which this term is employed within both scholarly and political discourses. The main value of this disaggregation lies in the fact that it helps to prevent confusions that arise when people use the adjective ‘illiberal’ in different ways, as is not uncommon.

In deze bijdrage behandelt de auteur de materiële wijzigingen van de geschillenregeling van het voorontwerp. Het voorontwerp is een stap in de goede richting naar een effectieve(re) geschillenregeling, maar komt niet aan alle bezwaren tegemoet.

De auteur zet uiteen hoe de verhouding tussen onderneming en vennootschap zich vanaf 1900 heeft ontwikkeld. De auteur verwacht dat de invloed van de politiek op de onderneming en vennootschap in de komende jaren zal toenemen. Aan het slot van zijn beschouwing maakt de auteur een paar opmerkingen over de invloed van digitalisering op het vennootschapsrecht.

Education should be aimed at supporting student learning. ICT may support student learning. It also may help students to learn and increase their involvement and thus their efforts. Blended learning has the potential to improve study behaviour of students, thus becoming an indispensable part of their education. It may improve their preparation level, and as a result, face-to-face education will be more efficient and more profound (e.g. by offering more challenging tasks), lifting the learning process to a higher level. Moreover, the interaction between students and teachers may be improved by using ICT. A necessary condition to lift students’ learning to a higher (better: deeper) learning level is that all students acquire basic knowledge before they engage in face-to-face teaching. In a First-Year Course Introduction to Private Law, we recently introduced a Scalable Learning environment. This environment allows the acquiring and testing of factual knowledge at individual pace, in a modern and appealing way (independent of time and place). The link between offline and online education during face-to-face teaching is made by using Learning Analytics, provided by the Scalable Learning environment. After the implementation of Scalable Learning, a survey on its effect on learning has been performed by means of questionnaires. The results were compared at the beginning and at the end of the course, related to the approaches taken by teachers as well as to the exam results. This article presents the outcomes of this study.

De ontwikkeling van de rechten van het kind valt behalve in het recht ook in de (kinder)literatuur te traceren. Literaire werken met juridische thema’s zijn daarom een spiegel voor zowel juristen als minderjarigen in de manier waarop zij in het verhaal dat wordt verteld rechten en plichten in het concrete geval aanschouwelijk maken. Een kleine staalkaart van literaire fragmenten toont de positie van het kind in het recht.

In the last decade neuropsychological insights have gained influence with regard to age boundaries in legal procedures, however, in Dutch civil law no such influence can be distinguished. Recently, voices have been raised to improve children’s legal position in civil law: to reflect upon the minimum age limit of twelve years for children to be invited to be heard in court and the need for children to have a stronger procedural position.
In this article, first the current legal position of children in Dutch law and practice will be analysed. Second, development of psychological constructs relevant for family law will be discussed in relation to underlying brain developmental processes and contextual effects. These constructs encompass cognitive capacity, autonomy, stress responsiveness and (peer) pressure.
From the first part it becomes clear that in Dutch family law, there is a tortuous jungle of age limits, exceptions and limitations regarding children’s procedural rights. Until recently, the Dutch government has been reluctant to improve the child’s procedural position in family law. Over the last two years, however, there has been an inclination towards further reflecting on improvements to the child’s procedural rights, which, from a children’s rights perspective, is an important step forward. Relevant neuropsychological insights support improvements for a better realisation of the child’s right to be heard, such as hearing children younger than twelve years of age in civil court proceedings.

Dit artikel beschrijft de positie van de STAK en certificaathouders binnen de wettelijke geschillenregeling, mede in het licht van het recent gewezen arrest Cox/Widdershoven. De auteur betoogt dat de certificaathouders meer mogelijkheden moeten krijgen om van de regeling gebruik te maken. De auteur doet daarvoor enkele concrete voorstellen.

In order to improve the effectiveness of offender supervision many studies have been conducted into risk factors for delinquency. Evidence was found that debts and crime are interrelated. However, understanding of potential underlying risk factors in this relationship is limited. Results of an analysis of client files (N=250) show that debts among probation clients are highly prevalent and problems with respect to education, work and mental and physical health seem to be important underlying factors in the relationship between debts and crime. In addition, interviews were conducted with both probation workers (N=33) and clients (N=16) to get insight into the possibilities to adequately support clients with regard to debts in order to stimulate successful resocialization. Results underline the importance of paying attention to possible underlying factors to effectively supervise clients.

Het besluit van de Commissie om de fusie tussen Siemens en Alstom te verbieden heeft tot veel kritiek geleid. Het concentratietoezicht zou aan het ontstaan van Europese kampioenen op het mondiale speelveld in de weg staan. Verschillende lidstaten hebben opgeroepen tot een hervorming van het concentratietoezicht om beter rekening te houden met belangen van industriebeleid. Gedacht wordt aan een bevoegdheid voor de Raad om door de Commissie verboden concentraties alsnog goed te keuren op grond van overwegingen van industriebeleid dan wel een versoepeling van de analysekaders van de Commissie. In deze bijdrage gaan wij in op de rol van industriebeleid in het concentratietoezicht en de voor- en nadelen van de hervormingsvoorstellen, mede in het licht van de praktijk in de lidstaten. Wij concluderen dat er betere oplossingen denkbaar zijn. Voor zover industriepolitieke ‘correcties’ op de zuivere mededingingstoets toch in het concentratietoezicht worden ingebouwd, gaat onze voorkeur uit naar een goedkeuringsbevoegdheid voor de Raad waarbij de scheidslijn tussen de objectieve mededingingstoets en meer subjectieve politieke beslissingen helder blijft.

De uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie in de zaak Airbnb Ireland geeft aanleiding tot een herbezinning op de Richtlijn elektronische handel. Deze richtlijn uit 2000 lijkt onvoldoende toegerust om het hoofd te bieden aan de complexe problemen die ontstaan door de groeiende aanwezigheid van grote online platformen op Europese consumentenmarkten. Deze noot bespreekt de kwalificatie van platformdiensten als ‘dienst van de informatiemaatschappij’ en de daaraan gekoppelde regels voor aansprakelijkheid en mogelijke beperkingen van het vrij verkeer van diensten door nationale regelgeving.
HvJ EU zaak C-390/18, Airbnb Ireland, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1112

Dit artikel gaat over de strafbaarstelling in artikel 140 lid 2 Sr en de uitleg van het bestanddeel ‘de voortzetting van de werkzaamheid van een verboden organisatie’ in het licht van de wetsgeschiedenis, recente opvattingen in de literatuur en aankomende wetgeving