Prison visitation is important for protecting against social isolation during imprisonment. It is also essential for maintaining contacts that are important for life in prison and after release. It is therefore not surprising that both nationally and internationally important policy measures and scientific research have been undertaken on the topic. Nationally, however, limited scientific research is available regarding how many, how often and from whom prisoners receive visits, how visits are experienced and the possible effects of visitation, thus leaving many questions unanswered. Meanwhile, in the past ten years great changes have been made to visitation in Dutch prison policy and practice. Given these recent developments, both scientists and practitioners could benefit from an overview of the current state of affairs of visitation. This article aims to bridge the gap between research, policy and practice by summarizing findings from the Life in Custody study. This study includes a description of how visitation is organized legally, at the policy level and in practice, a thorough review of prior research on visitation and an analysis of the most recent national data on the prevalence and frequency of visitation, while considering important differences between prisoners and prisons.

The Life In Custody-study is a large scale, prospective panel study, aimed to examine the quality of prison life in The Netherlands. This paper describes the LIC-study by giving a detailed overview of the data collection procedure, and strategies to optimize response, and presents the first nationwide results on prison climate in The Netherlands. Results show that the data collection procedures utilized were successful in obtaining a high response rate (which was an exceptional 81%) and reaching a representative group of prisoners. Furthermore, results show that the perceptions of prison climate vary across prison regimes, and to a lesser extent across age groups and time spent in detention.

In the ‘participation society’ it is expected that citizens actively contribute to solving societal problems, including health care, immigration and security issues. A somewhat similar responsibilisation culture is visible in prisons, where prisoners are held responsible for their own rehabilitation. This article problematizes the way in which prisoners’ agency is promoted in Dutch prisons, considering prisoners’ constrained agency and the normative expectations that are tied to the approach. This critique is advanced through discussion of the promotion/demotion system that has been used in Dutch prisons since 2014. This system, comparable to the Incentives and Earned Privileges system in England and Wales, espouses both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ behavioural norms. The soft behavioural norms reflect a citizenship ideal that extends beyond compliance with the law. It is argued that these normative expectations tied to agency have a limiting effect on prisoners’ autonomy. This article argues in favour of a shift from the citizenship ideal to an autonomy ideal, which applies the principle of minimum restrictions. Furthermore, access to education, reintegration courses and contact with family should be treated as a right, rather than a privilege, in order to maximise autonomy and minimise the harmful effects of imprisonment.

This study focuses on a sample of 28 male long-term prisoners in the Netherlands who are about to return to society. The aims of the study are to examine their future expectations regarding criminal behavior and to explore how social and individual factors, such as employment, family support and agency, relate to these expectations. This is important because such expectations may affect their actual (criminal) behavior after release. Pre-release semi-structured in-depth interviews included questions about their future expectations, social ties, and sense of agency. Prisoners expecting to quit with criminal activities had both close social ties to society and scored high on individual factors.

Within the context of a recent call for the strengthening of the legal position of grandparents with regards to visitation rights, this article presents a brief review of major conceptual notions and empirical findings within the literature on grandparent-grandchild relationships. Three major topics for understanding the intergenerational relationship are addressed: the historical context, the importance of the relationship, and changes over individual time.

In recent years, the Dutch Ministry of Justice and Safety has had to deal with severe budget-cuts leading to various austerity measures. For the Dutch Custodial Institutions (DJI) this has had serious consequences, including the closure of nearly half the prisons, the reintroduction of multi-person cells and a retrenchment of the detention regime. However, the chamber announced repeatedly that these cuts would not be detrimental to the core objectives of detention: security, self-reliance, dignity and a safe return to society. The pilot ‘Central facility’ is a project in which DJI wants to ‘test’ in practice her vision for the future. In the pilot, learning and encouraging the own responsibility of detainees through a modified daily program takes a central position. The aim is to increase the self-sufficiency of detainees and to allow for life in prison to resemble more life outside (normalization). In this article we will look more closely at the experiences of prisoners and staff with the amended detention regime in the pilot.

Dit artikel ontleedt het vaderschap, zowel op Belgisch als Europees niveau. Wie juridisch als vader wordt aangeduid, is niet altijd biologisch of sociaal vader voor een kind. Hoe dient de afweging van rechten en plichten voor deze verschillende vaders dan te gebeuren?
Deel één bespreekt de vaderlijke afstamming naar Belgisch recht aan de hand van recente rechtspraak van het Grondwettelijk Hof. In vier centrale thema’s wordt het standpunt van het Hof geplaatst tegenover dat van de wetgever en het EHRM. Aan bod komen: bezit van staat, vervaltermijnen, het belang van het kind en verboden afstamming. De doelstelling lijkt het bewerkstelligen van een grotere individualisering van het afstammingsrecht. Dit leidt tot een patstelling voor de wetgever, die zal moeten bepalen hoe het afstammingsrecht naar de toekomst toe wordt geconstrueerd. Verdedigd wordt dat een belangenafweging zich voornamelijk dient te situeren bij de betwistingsprocedure, daar waar bij gebrek aan een reeds gevestigd juridisch vaderschap de biologische band mag primeren.
Vervolgens wordt het vaderschap naast het moederschap geplaatst. Waar voor moeders een zekere vanzelfsprekendheid geldt, is dit allesbehalve zo voor vaders. Bovendien heeft de moeder een bepaalde zeggenschap over wie de vader van het kind wordt.
Na een toelichting van het begrip ouderlijk gezag wordt de kneedbaarheid ervan aangegrepen om nieuwe voorstellen te formuleren. Ingrepen op het ouderlijk gezag, waaronder de ontzetting, kunnen ervoor zorgen dat een sociaal onwenselijke biologische afstammingsband alsnog kan worden gevestigd. Wanneer meerdere vaderfiguren zich aandienen, kan een uitbreiding van (bepaalde) gezagsrechten naar andere personen soelaas bieden.
Tot slot verkennen we de verdeling van verschillende vaderfuncties over meerdere personen, zoals die reeds bestaat voor het omgangsrecht en de alimentatieverplichting. De lege ferenda wordt gepleit voor een “attest van verwekkerschap”, een verklaring naar recht van het biologisch verwekkerschap, waaraan bepaalde rechtsgevolgen worden gekoppeld.
This article analyses fatherhood from a Belgian and European context. The legal father is not necessarily the biological or social father. How should we balance the rights and obligations of these different kinds of fatherhood?
Part one reviews paternity in Belgian law through recent jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. In four central themes the Supreme Court’s position is weighed against that of the legislator and the ECHR. The four central themes are discussed in the following order: “possession of state”, statutes of limitations, the best interests of the child, and illegal filiation. The aim of the Supreme Court seems to be a case by case appreciation of filiation. It is then up to the legislator to decide how legal parentage is to be construed in the future. A balancing of interests should be the primary - and maybe even exclusive - consideration when the paternity is disputed. Where legal paternity has yet to be established, biological ties should be decisive.
Next, legal paternity will be compared to legal maternity. Whereas establishing legal parentage seems to be quite evident in the case of mothers, this is not so straightforward for fathers. Moreover the mother has a say in who is to be the legal father.
After a clarification ofthe concept ‘parental authority’, its flexible nature is taken as a starting point to suggest new solutions. Intervening in parental authority allows us to establish the socially undesirable biological paternity.In the case of multiple father figures, an expansion of specific authority rights to others may offer an alternative solution.
Lastly, we explore the possibility of sharing paternal rights and obligations among multiple candidates, as is the case for visitation rights and child support obligations. We argue in favour of a “certificate of procreation” - a declaration of biological relationship that generates specific legal consequences.

Prison policy in Belgium and the Netherlands is changing rapidly. While Belgium struggles with a persisting prison overcrowding, the Netherlands strongly cuts back on the prison system and is closing an increasing number of prisons. This introductory article to a special issue on detention starts with a short outline of recent changes in Dutch and Belgian prison policy, focusing on developments in detention capacity and prison population. Subsequently we present an overview of empirical criminological research in the Netherlands and Belgium, situated within the international literature, with a specific focus on studies regarding life in detention and effects of detention on prisoners' lives and on their social environment. Finally, we reflect upon existing detention research in both countries, e.g. in terms of gaps in research topics and methodology, and discuss some future developments.

Little is known about children when the mothers are imprisoned. Especially in the Netherlands, hardly any empirical research has been conducted regarding the whereabouts and psychological well-being of children with incarcerated mothers. We visited and collected data from four female prisons. Via the mothers’ consent we contacted the children and their caregivers. First, we conducted a semi-structured interview about the wellbeing of the child during the separation through detention of mother and child. Second, we asked mothers and caregivers to complete checklists of behavioral problems. The caretaking situation turned out to be diverse. Generally, the children experienced both internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems and specific problems associated with the detention of their mothers. The well-being of the children seems to be partially related with the incarceration of the mother. However, it also turned out that quite a few risk factors such as a broken home and neglect is present for the child being raised. Results are discussed as well as some recommendations for future research.