Op 24 november 2020 is de Richtlijn representatieve vorderingen (RVV) door de Europese Commissie aangenomen en gepubliceerd. De RVV verplicht alle lidstaten om een afwikkelingssysteem van massaclaims aangaande consumentenbelangen te ontwikkelen en in wetgeving te verankeren. Het systeem dient te voorzien in een collectieve actie voor het stoppen of herstellen van een inbreuk op consumentenrechten. Ook moet het systeem voorzien in de mogelijkheid om in collectieve vorm schadevergoeding te kunnen vorderen. Nederland kent al een afwikkelingssysteem voor massaclaims. Dit systeem is sinds de jaren negentig zorgvuldig ontwikkeld op inhoudelijk en strategisch front. In deze bijdrage wordt bekeken hoe de Nederlandse wetgever de kracht van het door hem ontwikkelde afwikkelingssysteem voor massaclaims kan waarborgen in het licht van de inhoud van de RVV.
Richtlijn (EU) 2020/1828 van het Europese Parlement en de Raad van 25 november 2020 betreffende representatieve vorderingen ter bescherming van de collectieve belangen van consumenten en tot intrekking van Richtlijn 2009/22/EG (PbEU 2020, L 409/1-27).
Conceptversie van de Implementatiewet richtlijn representatieve vorderingen voor consumenten d.d. 1 mei 2021 inclusief de memorie van toelichting en consultatiereacties.

In de zaak Tesco Stores sprak het Hof van Justitie zich op 3 juni 2021 uit over de directe werking van artikel 157 VWEU, dat het beginsel van gelijk loon voor gelijke en gelijkwaardige arbeid bevat. In de praktijk is het voor individuen vaak niet gemakkelijk om het beginsel voor de nationale rechter af te dwingen. In het Tesco-arrest kent het Hof van Justitie expliciet directe werking toe aan het beginsel, zowel voor gelijke als gelijkwaardige arbeid. Hoewel de uitspraak slechts een bevestiging is van de bestaande rechtspraak van het Hof van Justitie, is de uitspraak toch van symbolisch belang. Ze schept nieuwe mogelijkheden om de afdwinging van het beginsel van gelijk loon voor gelijk(waardig) werk te vergemakkelijken.
HvJ 3 juni 2021, zaak C-624/19, Tesco Stores, ECLI:EU:C:2021:429.

The article gives an overview of the protection against dismissal according to Danish statutory acts and collective agreements.

De herziene Richtlijn consumentenkoop en de Richtlijn digitale inhoud moeten vanaf 1 januari 2022 van kracht zijn. De belangrijkste wijzigingen betreffen de introductie van een objectief en subjectief conformiteitsvereiste, een verplichting van de handelaar om updates te verstrekken, en de mogelijkheid om uitdrukkelijk en afzonderlijk af te wijken van de objectieve conformiteitsverplichtingen. Op een aantal punten bestaat echter nog onduidelijkheid.

Long before the coming of the Bill of Rights in written Constitutions, the common law has had the greatest regard for the personal liberty of the individual. In order to safeguard that liberty, the remedy of habeas corpus was always available to persons deprived of their liberty unlawfully. This ancient writ has been incorporated into the modern Constitution as a fundamental right and enforceable as other rights protected by virtue of their entrenchment in those Constitutions. This article aims to bring together the various understanding of habeas corpus at common law and the principles governing the writ in common law jurisdictions. The discussion is approached through a twelve-point construct thus providing a brief conspectus of the subject matter, such that one could have a better understanding of the subject as applied in most common law jurisdictions.

The interpretive techniques applied by the European Court of Human Rights are instrumental in filling the vaguely formulated rights-provisions with progressive content, and their use provoked widespread criticism. The article argues that despite the scarcity of explicit references to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, all the ECtHR’s methods and doctrines of interpretation have basis in the VCLT, and the ECtHR has not developed a competing framework. The Vienna rules are flexible enough to accommodate the interpretive rules developed in the ECHR jurisprudence, although effectiveness and evolutive interpretation is favoured – due to the unique nature of Convention – over the more traditional means of interpretation, such as textualism. Applying the VCLT as a normative framework offers unique ways of reconceptualising some of the much-contested means of interpretation in order to increase the legitimacy of the ECtHR.

This article focuses on the impact of the (increasing) possibility for parties in Dutch civil cases to litigate without the guidance of a legal aid provider on Dutch civil procedure. It analyses the extent to which such self-representation influences the role of the judge in the context of Dutch subdistrict court procedures, where representation is not mandatory. Through empirical data, collected through semi-structured interviews with 26 subdistrict judges, more insight is gained into the dilemmas that the lack of representation of parties presents to judges, and the ways in which they deal with these dilemmas. The interviews show how judges seek a balance between their role as neutral arbitrator in a dispute and a more active role necessitated by parties not being represented by a legal aid provider. In doing so, they navigate between process and content. Within this dynamic, judges must constantly balance the trade-off between acting more actively to gather sufficient information for a substantive handling and assessment of the case, on the one hand, and safeguarding the limits of party autonomy and their own (perceived) neutrality, on the other. Full party autonomy is viewed by judges as unrealistic and, moreover, contrary to truth-finding.

Een gegarandeerde beschikbaarheid van innovatieve vaccins is onmisbaar in een wereld waar levensbedreigende infectieziekten steeds vaker voorkomen. Het risico dat vaccins bijwerkingen hebben en tot letsel leiden is daarbij onvermijdelijk. Het verhalen van vaccinatieschade via het aansprakelijkheidsrecht blijkt gecompliceerd. De auteur onderzoekt alternatieve systemen voor vergoeding van schade door vaccinaties. Vertrekpunt daarbij is Amerikaans onderzoek op dit terrein. Zij concludeert dat een no-faultschadefonds met een gedeeltelijke immuniteit van vaccinproducenten de meest geschikte weg is om vaccinatieschade te vergoeden zonder dat de ontwikkeling van vaccins in gevaar komt. De auteur doet enkele suggesties over de invulling van een dergelijk fonds.

De auteur analyseert het begrip purpose naar aanleiding van een pleidooi tot de incorporatie van dit begrip in het Nederlandse ondernemingsrecht van Vino Timmerman. Auteur onderschrijft de voorgestane incorporatie, maar meent in tegenstelling tot Timmerman dat opname daarvan in de statuten de voorkeur heeft.

The article offers a reflection on how applications of computer technology (including data analytics) are and may be taught to (future) lawyers and what are the benefits and limitations of the different approaches. There is a growing sense among legal professionals and law teachers that the technological changes in the practice of law are likely to promote the kind of knowledge and skills that law graduates often do not possess today. Teaching computer technology can be done in various ways and at various depths, and those different ways and levels have different cost and benefit considerations. The article discusses four models of teaching technology: (1) teaching basic technological literacy, (2) more advanced but general technology teaching, (3) teaching computer programming and quantitative methods and (4) teaching a particular aspect of technology – other than programming (e.g. cybersecurity). I suggest that there are strong reasons for all current and future lawyers to acquire proficiency in effective uses of office and legal research software and standard means of online communication and basic cybersecurity. This can be combined with teaching of numerical and informational literacy. I also claim that advanced technology topics, like computer programming, should be taught only to the extent that this is justified by the direct need for such skills and knowledge in students’ future careers, which I predict to be true for only a minority of current lawyers and law students.

The adoption of big data analysis in the legal domain is a recent but growing trend that highlights ethical concerns not just with big data analysis, as such, but also with its deployment in the legal domain. This article systematically analyses five big data use cases from the legal domain utilising a pluralistic and pragmatic mode of ethical reasoning. In each case we analyse what happens with data from its creation to its eventual archival or deletion, for which we utilise the concept of ‘data life cycle’. Despite the exploratory nature of this article and some limitations of our approach, the systematic summary we deliver depicts the five cases in detail, reinforces the idea that ethically significant issues exist across the entire big data life cycle, and facilitates understanding of how various ethical considerations interact with one another throughout the big data life cycle. Furthermore, owing to its pragmatic and pluralist nature, the approach is potentially useful for practitioners aiming to interrogate big data use cases.

In this article, we analyse Regulation (EU) 2020/1043 on Covid-19 against the backdrop of the current deadlock in EU-regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). We build on temporary and experimental legislation scholarship and employ a normative framework of regulatory knowledge. The Covid-19 Regulation aims at speeding up the development of GMO-based Covid-19 treatments or vaccines by temporarily suspending requirements that otherwise would have made for time-consuming and burdensome authorization processes. Although the Regulation lacks an explicit experimental purpose, we hypothesize that experiences with its functioning may be utilized in evaluation processes serving attempts to change the GMO legal framework. As such, it may fulfil a latent experimental function. We reflect on the types of knowledge that are relevant when evaluating experimental legislation and developing regulation more generally and argue that the inclusion of social knowledge is pertinent in dealing with complex issues such as GMO regulation. Experimental law literature focuses on gathering evidence-based knowledge about the functioning of legislation but virtually neglects knowledge about different experiences and value appreciations of various societal actors and social-contextual mechanisms. We propose that such social knowledge be included in the design of experimental legislation and that evaluation be approached bottom-up instead of top-down.

The COVID-19 pandemic swept the world in 2020 impelling us to reconsider the basic principles of constitutional law like the separation of power, the rule of law, human rights protection, etc. The two most pressing legal issues that have attracted the attention of legal scholars so far are, on the one hand, the different regulatory policies implemented by governments and, on the other, the balance among the branches of government in deciding matters of the emergency. The pandemic has determined a further and violent acceleration of the legislature’s temporal dimension and the acknowledgement that, to make legislation quicker, parliament must permanently displace its legislative power in favour of government. Measures adopted to tackle the outbreak and recover from the interruption of economic and industrial businesses powerfully confirm that today our societies are more dependent on the executives than on parliaments and, from a temporal perspective, that the language of the law is substantially the present instead of the future. Against this background, this article discusses how the prevalence of governments’ legislative power leads to the use of temporary and experimental legislation in a time, like the pandemic, when the issue of ‘surviving’ becomes dominant.

This article examines how Spanish and Catalan laws deal with claims of grandparents who seek contact with their grandchildren against the will of one or both parents, and the scope given to their rights. It starts by explaining the content and the goals of the legal reforms enacted in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century to promote grandparents’ interests. Then, it presents the case law developed in the interpretation of the relevant legal rules. The resulting state of the law is assessed, taking into account the interests of all the parties involved (parents, grandparents, and grandchildren). The experience of more than twenty years of application of the specific provisions concerning grandparents’ contact rights sheds light on the impact of giving grandparents stronger legal rights. However, it also prompts the question of whether this legislative choice might have brought about useless and potentially harmful litigation.

The article explores the extent of the right to family life under Article 8 ECHR with regard to contact between grandparents and grandchildren. An analysis of decisions from the European Court of Human Rights shows that although such a right may exist, it is not strong and depends heavily on the circumstances of the specific case. The article points to what seems to be an inconsistency in the Courts approach to these cases and questions the position of the children and their views and best interests.

Veertig jaar OK-ervaring levert een bont palet van opmerkelijke casus en getroebleerde relaties, en ook lege holdings, beursfondsen, familiebedrijven en zelfs een artikel 12 Sv-procedure. Deze terugblik rondt de auteur af met enkele gedachten over vormvoorschriften, hindsight bias, gesprekstechniek van onderzoekers, en een oplossing voor duurzaam ontwrichte relaties tussen aandeelhouders.

De auteur gaat in op de positie van de persoon die het onderzoek naar het beleid en de gang van zaken van een rechtspersoon uitvoert, de onderzoeker. Hij besteedt aandacht aan de belangrijkste taken, bevoegdheden en verplichtingen van de onderzoeker, alsmede aan enkele discussies die in dat kader spelen.