Predictive policing is the use of historical crime and other data in complex statistical models to predict where and when there is a high risk of new crime events. These predictions can then be used to direct police patrols proactively. Despite the increasing use and commercialisation of predictive policing worldwide, academic research into the methodological and operational dimensions of predictive policing is relatively limited. Since 2015 we have researched and tested several predictive crime models methodologically and operationally, based on police and other (big) data sources in several Belgian police districts. In this article, we summarise the results of six years of empirical research into predictive policing and look to the future of predictive policing research and practice.

In recent years, big data technology has revolutionised many domains, including policing. There is a lack of research, however, exploring which applications are used by the police, and the potential benefits of big data analytics for policing. Instead, literature about big data and policing predominantly focuses on predictive policing and its associated risks. The present paper provides new insights into the police’s current use of big data and algorithmic applications. We provide an up-to-date overview of the various applications of big data by the National Police in the Netherlands. We distinguish three areas: uniformed police work, criminal investigation, and intelligence. We then discuss two positive effects of big data and algorithmic applications for the police organization: accelerated learning and the formation of a single police organization.

Dit artikel analyseert de duiding van de Bronner-criteria in het arrest van het Hof van Justitie in de zaak Slovak Telekom a.s./Commissie. Het artikel onderzoekt of het arrest parallel toegepast kan worden op de digitale economie en of er nog een rol voor de Bronner-criteria is nadat de voorgestelde regulering van de digitale economie van kracht wordt.
HvJ 25 maart 2021, zaak C-165/19 P, ECLI:EU:C:2021:239 (Slovak Telekom a.s./Commissie).

In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs de aandachtspunten die spelen bij een vervanging van de zekerhedenagent onder bijzondere titel aan de hand van een syndicaatslening gedocumenteerd op basis van de modellen van de Loan Market Association en gesecureerd door Nederlandsrechtelijke zekerheden. Ter achtergrond komen de volgende onderwerpen aan bod: (a) de invulling van de rol van zekerheden­agent en (b) het vervangen van de zekerhedenagent. Het zwaartepunt van dit artikel ligt op een vervanging van de zekerhedenagent onder bijzondere titel naar Nederlands recht, maar nu bij toe- en uittreding van de zekerhedenagent vaak Engels recht wordt toegepast, hebben we ervoor gekozen om in dit artikel ook aandacht te besteden aan de Engelse trust en een aantal Engelsrechtelijke aspecten van de overgang van de parallel debt en de daarvoor gevestigde Nederlandsrechtelijke zekerheden.

The article gives an overview of the protection against dismissal according to Danish statutory acts and collective agreements.

De herziene Richtlijn consumentenkoop en de Richtlijn digitale inhoud moeten vanaf 1 januari 2022 van kracht zijn. De belangrijkste wijzigingen betreffen de introductie van een objectief en subjectief conformiteitsvereiste, een verplichting van de handelaar om updates te verstrekken, en de mogelijkheid om uitdrukkelijk en afzonderlijk af te wijken van de objectieve conformiteitsverplichtingen. Op een aantal punten bestaat echter nog onduidelijkheid.

In deze bijdrage wordt de waardenoverlap inzake racisme tussen voetbal en samenleving verduidelijkt, welke een basis en verklaring vormt voor een repressief optreden van zowel de overheid als de sportwereld binnen een voetbalcontext. De verscheidene (Europese, Belgische en Nederlandse) handhavingsinstrumenten en hun tekortkomingen en uitdagingen komen hierbij aan bod.

The change of circumstances impacting the performance of the contracts has been a widely commented issue. However, there seems to be a gap in legal jurisprudence with regard to resorting to such a remedy in the investment contracts setting, especially from the procedural perspective. It has not been finally settled whether arbitral tribunals are empowered to adapt investment contracts should circumstances change and, if they were, what the grounds for such a remedy would be. In this article, the author presents the current debates regarding this issue, potential grounds for application of such a measure and several proposals which would facilitate resolution of this procedural uncertainty.

Long before the coming of the Bill of Rights in written Constitutions, the common law has had the greatest regard for the personal liberty of the individual. In order to safeguard that liberty, the remedy of habeas corpus was always available to persons deprived of their liberty unlawfully. This ancient writ has been incorporated into the modern Constitution as a fundamental right and enforceable as other rights protected by virtue of their entrenchment in those Constitutions. This article aims to bring together the various understanding of habeas corpus at common law and the principles governing the writ in common law jurisdictions. The discussion is approached through a twelve-point construct thus providing a brief conspectus of the subject matter, such that one could have a better understanding of the subject as applied in most common law jurisdictions.

The Grand Chamber of the Slovakian Supreme Court has unanimously decided that employers cannot be penalised by two different agencies for one violation of employment law rules and that the ne bis in idem principle also applies to two administrative breaches of the law.

Ryanair and Crewlink have finally been found in violation of Belgian mandatory provisions following the ruling of the ECJ in cases C-168/16 and C-169/16 (Nogueira and Others) and ordered to pay certain amounts to the employees involved by virtue of Belgian mandatory provisions. Yet, this trade union victory has a bitter taste for those employees, who were refused their main claim, i.e. to be paid normal remuneration for on-call time at the airport.

The Craiova Court of Appeal has ruled that a trade union that organized an illegal strike was civilly liable for the entire prejudice caused to the employer due to the interruption of its business activity. The compensation will be calculated based on the damage incurred by the employer, regardless of whether the strike took place for only two hours, as in the case at hand, if the activity of the unit was disrupted for a longer period of time due to such strike action.

In a decision of 16 June 2021 (6 AZR 390/20 (A)), the German Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht, ‘BAG’) referred a question to the ECJ for a preliminary ruling that has been a controversial issue in Germany for some time. The question is whether the possibility of a permanent supply of temporary workers, which is referred to as ‘personnel supply’ (Personalgestellung) in the context of the collective agreement for the public sector, and the exemption from the scope of the German Temporary Employment Act (Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsgesetz, ‘AÜG’) pursuant to Section 1(3) No. 2b AÜG, which allows this provision in the collective agreement, violates the provisions of Directive 2008/104/EC on temporary agency work (the ‘Temporary Agency Work Directive’). Depending on the outcome of the ECJ’s decision, this could have a significant impact on staff leasing often practised in companies operating in the public sector.

In maart 2021 publiceerde het VN Comité voor de Rechten van het Kind General Comment No. 25 over kinderrechten in relatie tot de digitale omgeving (‘GC25’). Het doel van GC25 is om uit te leggen hoe de rechten van kinderen, zoals deze zijn neergelegd in het VN Verdrag voor de Rechten van het Kind (‘IVRK’) moeten worden geïmplementeerd in relatie tot digitale technologie. GC25 richt zich vanzelfsprekend tot de verdragsstaten, maar terecht ook tot andere relevante partijen, waaronder de tech-industrie.

Though less well-known than for instance the narcotics or weapons trade, illegal organ trade is a lucrative business with yearly revenues estimated between 840 million and 1.7 billion USD. The most commonly reported form of organ trade is the trade in living donor kidneys. The current study maps the criminal network behind the illegal organ trade that took place in the Medicus clinic in Kosovo based on police files, indictments, transcripts of suspect and victim statements, court rulings and interviews. The Medicus case involved at least 27 living kidney donations. Operations were performed by eleven actors in teams of varying composition. The total criminal network consisted of 107 individuals and is characterized by a low density and features a number of central actors.

Ethnic profiling by governments unfortunately has a worldwide interest. If we look at the Dutch situation, it turns out that the problem is not limited to the police. Serious problems also arise when it comes to checking the legality of tax benefits and detecting benefit fraud. In this contribution, the authors draw attention to racial discrimination due to the use of profiles by government institutions in the Netherlands. It seems that our anti-discrimination legislation is in good order and that raises the question of whether legal refinement is needed or whether solutions should be sought outside the legal sphere. The authors think the latter strategy and make suggestions for a more holistic solution direction.

In this contribution we investigated:

1. What changes in the handling of immigration law suits has the corona pandemic led to?

2. What influence have these changes had on the role of first-line migra­tion judges?

   1. Has their working method been adjusted as a result of the corona measures? If so, does this still fit in their view and that of the parties to the proceedings within the requirements of a fair trial and the professional standards that apply to judges?

   2. Do the changes in working ­methods require different skills from migration judges?

   3. Are the changes in the handling of cases and the way of working, temporary or permanent?

Combinaties van publiek en privaat toezicht zijn niet weg te denken uit onze huidige maatschappij. In deze bijdrage vergelijken we de manier waarop privaat en publiek toezicht worden gecombineerd in twee sectoren, namelijk toezicht op voedselveiligheid en toezicht op veilige nieuwbouw. Na een uiteenzetting van de samenwerkingsarrangementen wordt ingegaan op de sterke en zwakke kanten van de gemaakte keuzes. Daarbij staat in het bijzonder één criterium centraal: betrouwbaarheid. Kan de overheid vertrouwen op toezicht en controle door private partijen? Zijn de private partijen in staat en bereid om effectief toezicht op voedselveiligheid en bouwkwaliteit uit te oefenen en welke factoren uit het samenwerkingsarrangement hebben hier invloed op? Naast de constatering dat private toezichthouders een toegevoegde waarde kunnen bieden aan de stelsels van toezicht, wijzen we op enkele potentiële risico’s die we in praktijk van bouw- en voedseltoezicht hebben geïdentificeerd: onvoldoende onafhankelijkheid en belangenverstrengeling, beperkte intrinsieke motivatie, kans op papieren werkelijkheid en onvoldoende corrigerende werking van het publieke toezicht.