De vaststelling van het csqn-verband wordt gezien als een feitelijke exercitie waar normatieve overwegingen geen rol spelen. In deze bijdrage wordt betoogd (1) dat dit onjuist is omdat normatieve overwegingen ook nu al een rol spelen, maar (2) dat deze overwegingen ten onrechte alleen ten gunste van het slachtoffer werken.

In this article, some of the findings of a practice and policy oriented research project on ‘radicalisation’ are discussed. The research was carried out in a partnership between three Belgian universities and two field organisations during the years 2017-2019. The project aimed at a ‘Constructive analysis on the attitudes, policies and programmes that relate to “radicalisation”’ (CONRAD). Restorative justice offered the initial framework to design and to set up the project. This article offers some findings and reflections on the opportunities (and the limits) that were found in the project with respect to the relevance of restorative justice. This part of the research was done on the basis of a frame-analysis on the one hand, and field work on the other. The article first presents the restorative justice assumptions that formed the backbone of the project. Then, the method of ‘inductive frame-analysis’ is presented as this was applied to a sample of media and policy documents that reported about ‘radicalisation’ and ‘de-radicalisation’ related issues in Belgium. This resulted in the identification of four frames and eight counterframes. The field work in the form of ‘participatory action research’ with young persons and their organisations in the cities of Brussels and Verviers is then discussed, revealing a complex situation of social tensions. It is argued then that the use of frames and counterframes can help those involved in, or concerned about, social problems to look at these issues from another perspective, through another lens. Based on the method of photo-elicitation, cartoons related to frames and counterframes were designed in the project as a tool to facilitate talking about ‘radicalisation’ from different perspectives. The article ends with reflections on the relevance of restorative justice in dealing with ‘radicalisation’ and violent extremism. A broad relational and participatory approach to respond to these ‘phenomena’ at societal level is proposed.

De afgelopen jaren ziet ongeveer 10% van de circa 300 jaarlijkse adviesaanvragen aan het Landelijk Bibob Bureau op adviezen in verband met milieuactiviteiten. In onze praktijk zien we recentelijk een groeiende aandacht bij het bevoegd gezag en het OM voor de mogelijkheden die de Wet Bibob biedt om milieuovertredingen te voorkomen. Tegelijkertijd is het aantal milieuregels in de afgelopen jaren alleen maar groter geworden. Voor ondernemingen kan de Wet Bibob grote gevolgen hebben, want zonder vergunning geen activiteiten.
In dit nummer van Strafblad dat geheel gewijd is aan het thema milieu staan wij dan ook graag stil bij de Wet Bibob toegespitst op de milieusector.

In september 2019 is het rapport ‘De markt de baas’ van het Centrum voor Criminaliteitspreventie en Veiligheid verschenen. Het behelst een verkenning naar knelpunten in de uitvoeringspraktijk van toezicht en handhaving met betrekking tot milieucriminaliteit en is tot stand gekomen in opdracht van het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid en het Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat op verzoek van het Bestuurlijk Omgevingsberaad. Het is een niet al te lang en lezenswaardig rapport, waarin een aantal interessante waarnemingen staan vermeld. Dit artikel staat stil bij een aantal opvallende en zichzelf versterkende combinatie van deze waarnemingen uit dat rapport.

De Nederlandse regelgeving betreffende persoonsgebonden budgetten (pgb’s) is gebaseerd op het (on)geschreven uitgangspunt dat de zorg of steun waarvoor een pgb wordt aangewend binnen Nederland wordt ontvangen. Deze bijdrage gaat nader in op de vraag of de territoriale beperkingen op het gebruik van pgb’s verenigbaar zijn met het EU-recht, en in het bijzonder de in Verordening 883/2004 opgenomen coördinatieregels voor prestaties bij ziekte, de Patiëntenrichtlijn en/of de verdragsregels inzake het vrije verkeer van diensten. De bijdrage concludeert dat dat in beginsel niet zo is. De vraag is niet waarom een verzekerde of begunstigde het recht zou moeten hebben om zijn/haar pgb in een andere lidstaat te gebruiken. Hij of zij heeft dat recht. De vraag is veeleer waarom een zorgkantoor, zorgaanbieder of gemeente die export zou mogen beperken.

Reports by citizens are a great source of information for the police. Local residents often know well what is going on in their neighborhood and which situations are suspicious. In this study, an online survey was conducted to investigate what drives citizens to report to the police. A wide range of individual, social and institutional drivers were explored. The results show that the more often people have reported anything to the police in the past, the higher their risk perception, self-efficacy, citizen participation and police legitimacy. Furthermore, participants with a higher degree of self-efficacy, response efficacy, trust in the police and police legitimacy appeared to be more willing to report in the future. An open question regarding what motivates people the most to report show that response efficacy (the idea to what extent reporting has an effect on increasing safety and reducing crime) and altruistic values (justice, to help society and punish the perpetrators) were mentioned most frequently.

Citizen engagement in public safety is increasing rapidly. This trend, also known as responsibilisation, causes new dilemmas for (local) goverments. This article is based on a case study on a local group in the Dutch municipality Neder-Betuwe. These vigilantes arrest suspects by using extensive and professional equipment. By using the theory of normative practices this article compares the practices of the vigilantes and the local police. Their attitude to themes as safety, community values and the core values of the Dutch rule of law differs. This puts pressure on cooperation between vigilantes and police officers.

Over the years, the use of data and digital technology in neighbourhood watch groups for prevention and detection of crime and citizens initiatives to enhance public safety has increased due to social and technological changes of citizen participation in coproduction of safety and digitization of economy and society. This causes a transition towards a new technology regime, a shift from a ‘closed’ information and communication technology regime owned by governmental organizations towards (inter)national ‘open’ platforms, which in turn challenges the current policy regime. This transition creates new societal expectations and challenges, often with contrasting dynamics. For instance, citizens are becoming the so-called ‘eyes and ears’ for government in prevention and detection of crime in neighbourhoods, while professionals are increasingly expected to coproduce safety with citizens through new forms of prevention and detection. With the rise of data and digital technology such as platforms and applications citizens are increasingly enabled to take the lead and initiate collaboration and organize new forms of prevention and surveillance in their own neighbourhoods.
Both in literature as in public policy practice, neighbourhood prevention and crime detection in general is addressed. However, less attention is spent on the role and impact of data and digital technology. We propose this is an issue because the emerging digital technology regime requires a new conceptual view wherein citizen initiatives are no longer perceived as merely instrumental to government interventions, but are understood as coproducers of public safety in their neighbourhoods, as part of a broader societal shift in which citizens are enabled by digital technology to organize their own data environments. Based on the introduction of digital coproduction, we illustrate four case examples to explain which opportunities for safety professionals and local governments arise to create a policy regime that suits the emerging digital technology regime.

It is often assumed that digital neighbourhood watch groups lead to more emergency calls and more arrests by the police. This article revolves around the question whether or not these groups actually contribute to reducing crime in the Netherlands. It does so by looking at recent studies and the results of researchers’ own ‘realist evaluation’ of the city of Rotterdam’s policy on digital neighbourhood watch. The latter includes a reconstruction of the program theory and ten case studies with different types of groups. The reconstruction of program theory revealed two main routes to crime reduction: 1) more emergency calls and more arrests by the police and 2) more social control. Chat histories have been studied and moderators, participants, non-participants and professionals were interviewed on their perception of active mechanisms and on the efficacy of their group. None of the respondents believed their group led to an increased number of arrests, but interviews and chat histories show that crime can be reduced by means of social control. Social control by neighbours limits the opportunity for crime and disturbs criminal acts. Other studies in the Netherlands support this finding. The article closes by putting digital neighbourhood watch in a citizen’s perspective with suggestions to improve the efficacy of digital neighbourhood watch groups and the notion that for citizens, crime reduction is not the only or principal goal.

At the level of local government, preventive and repressive measures are used within an integrated- personalized-approach to prevent disturbing and criminal behaviour. This integrated approach is only possible when the professionals involved can share data of subjects in order to get good insight of the existing problems and to find possible solutions. The Startbaan study, which focused on the collaboration within such an integrated-approach on young adults with multiproblems and justice contacts, shows that privacy regulations are perceived as being obstructive by professionals. More knowledge about the GDPR, its legal bases and domain specific regulations is necessary for an integrated-approach.

Interprofessional collaboration in the treatment and supervision of clients in forensic mental health care is of great importance. However, collaboration between professionals within and between settings is not always easy. In this article, different forms of collaboration within the forensic mental health care system are described as well as the most important pitfalls and success factors. Finally, some recommendations are provided for practitioners, organizations and policy-makers to design and facilitate collaboration in forensic mental health care.

Professionals from various organisations within Dutch local governments are working together in an integrated-personalized-approach in order to prevent disturbing and criminal behavior in multi problem young adults. The Startbaan study, which focused on the collaboration within such local integrated-approaches, shows that multidisciplinary collaboration is hard to reach because of the amount and versatility of organisations involved as well as the complexity of problems in multi problem young adults. Results from the Startbaan study combined with findings from literature show that a functional mix of organizational conditions and specific professional abilities is needed in order to work together successfully.

Nadat eerdere voorontwerpen uit 2017 en 2018 kritisch werden onthaald tijdens de internetconsultatie, heeft de wetgever toch een wetsvoorstel voorgelegd aan de Tweede Kamer. Het voorontwerp uit 2018 diende als blauwdruk. In dit artikel wordt het wetsvoorstel besproken. De auteurs gaan in op de ratio legis, de precontractuele informatieverplichting en de goodwillplicht. Deze onderwerpen bespreken zij tegen de achtergrond van de huidige wettelijke regelingen, doctrine en rechtspraak.

In de (internationale) overnamepraktijk wordt in overnamecontracten veelvuldig gecontracteerd onder één of meer opschortende voorwaarden. Veel van de opschortende voorwaarden die partijen overeenkomen, bevatten een potestatief element: de vervulling van de voorwaarde is (grotendeels) afhankelijk van de wil van een van de contractspartijen. In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs veelgebruikte voorwaarden uit de praktijk. De auteurs gaan in op de vraag of deze voorwaarden potestatief zijn en wat het effect daarvan zou zijn op (verbintenissen uit) het overnamecontract. De auteurs sluiten af met enkele aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van voorwaarden in de praktijk.

Er is sprake van een forse wachtlijstproblematiek in de gesloten jeugdhulp. Het gebrek aan een passende (doorstoom)plek voor kinderen in gesloten jeugdhulp is soms zo nijpend dat kinderrechters een machtiging voor gesloten jeugdhulp verlengen in weerwil van het ontbreken van een materiële rechtsgrond of formele rechtswaarborgen uit de Jeugdwet. Er wordt daarbij een beroep gedaan op art. 3 lid 1 IVRK. Het is maar zeer de vraag of dit een wenselijke praktijk is. Er worden handvatten aangereikt vanuit General Comment no. 14 van het VN-Kinderrechtencomité.

In the Netherlands, mayors are entitled to close public and non-public premises if drug-related activities are being conducted there. Using data from the case law of Dutch lower courts, published between 2008 and 2016, this article examines the relative success of different types of litigants, and the influence of case characteristics on drug-related closure cases. We build on Galanter’s framework of ‘repeat players’ and ‘one-shotters’, to argue that a mayor is the stronger party and is therefore more likely to win in court. We categorise mayors as ‘upperdogs’, and the opposing litigants as ‘underdogs’. Moreover, we distinguish stronger mayors from weaker ones, based on the population size of their municipality. Similarly, we distinguish the stronger underdogs from the weaker ones. Businesses and organisations are classified as stronger parties, relative to individuals, who are classified as weaker parties. In line with our hypothesis, we find that mayors win in the vast majority of cases. However, contrary to our presumptions, we find that mayors have a significantly lower chance of winning a case if they litigate against weak underdogs. When controlling for particular case characteristics, such as the type of drugs and invoked defences, our findings offer evidence that case characteristics are consequential for the resolution of drug-related closure cases in the Netherlands.

‘Voorzorg’ en samenwerking van het medisch en sociaal domein ten behoeve van ouderenzorg zijn essentieel. Gemeenten hebben een belangrijke taak in het formuleren van maatregelen bij gezondheidsbedreigingen. Risico’s als gevolg van bezuinigingen op thuiszorg kunnen worden voorkomen door de specialist ouderengeneeskunde in te schakelen. Preventief ouderenbeleid levert gezondheidswinst.

The aim of the present research was to gain insight into the topic of ‘task-related rule-breaking behavior’ (TRB) among Dutch police officers. TRB is a more refined alternative for the concept of noble cause corruption and has been defined as: police officers breaking rules or formal agreements for the purpose of acting in a manner that contributes to the lawful police task. Qualitative research has been conducted within one of the ten regional police forces in the Netherlands. Results show that TRB appears to be a relatively common phenomenon during policework. Behaviors are categorized in sixteen categories and five overarching outlines. In addition, attention is given to several important factors that could be related to TRB being distinguishable between police officers’ individual responsibility and organizational factors. To handle TRB, it is recommended to pay attention to the police officers’ approach of judging and rationalizing their own behavior, their level of knowledge, and social skills. Furthermore, organizational structure (i.e., spam of control) and police leadership may, among other factors, play an important role in encouraging TRB. Especially the way supervisors deal with police officers’ professional autonomy needs specific attention in order to reduce TRB. Autonomy needs guidance in the form of clear orders followed by feedback and coaching. Also, an active form of ethical leadership is needed. An action framework is presented that could be helpful to supervisors to judge and thereby reduce forms of TRB.