In deze bijdrage wordt stilgestaan bij de vraag in hoeverre er een noodzaak bestaat om inclusief taalgebruik te hanteren in de wet en de rechtspraak. Onze maatschappij verandert, en wordt steeds diverser. Iedereen moet zich in de wet vertegenwoordigd kunnen zien, en zich daar niet van buitengesloten voelen. Het is daarom de taak van de overheid om inclusieve wetten en regels te formuleren die stereotypen vermijden. Op die manier baant de taal een weg naar een tolerante, inclusieve samenleving.

De bijdrage bespreekt artikel 197 Sr (zwaar inreisverbod) en de vraagstukken die hebben geleid tot het staken van de vervolging van de overtreding van het zware inreisverbod vanwege de Europese en nationale uitspraken die de afgelopen jaren daarover zijn gedaan. In het arrest inzake JZ heeft het Hof van Justitie vervolgens met toepassing van de uitgangspunten van het arrest Ouhrami zijn fiat gegeven aan strafbaarstelling van illegaal verblijf van de vreemdeling die kennis heeft van een inreisverbod dat jegens hem is uitgevaardigd. De Hoge Raad heeft hierop in zijn arrest in de zaak JZ voortgeborduurd. De vraag dringt zich op of de strafbaarstelling van het negeren van een uitgevaardigd inreisverbod zich verdraagt met het lex certa-beginsel. Voorts worden er vragen gesteld bij de verhouding tussen de straf- en de bestuursrechter. Mocht in de praktijk opnieuw onduidelijkheid ontstaan omtrent de toepasselijkheid van dit artikel, dan lijkt het hoog tijd dat de Nederlandse wetgever artikel 197 Sr herschrijft.

Als gevolg van de coronamaatregelen worden onderzoeken ter zitting soms zo ingericht dat bepaalde procesdeelnemers en publiek de zitting alleen via een videoverbinding kunnen bijwonen. In deze bijdrage wordt onderzocht of en, zo ja, onder welke voorwaarden, het in het algemeen juridisch toelaatbaar is om zittingen op die manier in te richten en of dat ook wenselijk zou zijn. Daarbij worden twee varianten onderscheiden: de volledig digitale zitting – die niet in een zittingszaal plaatsvindt – en de zitting waarbij de rechters en mogelijk ook de officier van justitie in de zittingszaal aanwezig zijn, maar de andere procesdeelnemers de zitting digitaal bijwonen. Na de beantwoording van de onderzoeksvraag worden suggesties gedaan voor een regeling in het gemoderniseerde Wetboek van Strafvordering.

Since 2004, cell sharing in Dutch correctional institutions has increased to nearly 30%. In contrast to many other countries, the use of double cells is a policy measure to cut costs, rather than a measure to deal with overcrowding of correctional institutions. This article examines individuals’ experiences of sharing a cell, and the association between cell sharing, wellbeing, misconduct, and prison climate, using survey data from the Life in Custody Study collected in 2019. The sample comprises 3408 participants (in regular prison regimes, pre-trial detention, and short-stay custody). The results show that most respondents report a good relationship with their cellmate, but still prefer a single cell. There is no evidence for positive effects of cell sharing on the researched domains; some negative effects are found when individuals prefer a single cell or report a poor relationship with their cellmate.

The regular legal framework in the Netherlands stipulates that criminal cases against young adults are dealt with under adult criminal law. In 2014 the maximum age limit for application of juvenile criminal law was raised to 23 years if the suspect or the circumstances of the offence give reason to do so. This so called ‘adolescent criminal law’ is based on the observation that incomplete neuro-psychosocial development can contribute to the continuation of criminal behaviour. There is lack of clarity in the criterion ‘incomplete development’. Different screening instruments are used. Since development continues, it is more meaningful to ask the question whether and to what extent there is a developmental delay, whether the adolescent can and wants to develop further and whether the treatment and interventions from the juvenile criminal law can be helpful in this regard. This calls for a legal principle of ‘juvenile criminal law unless’.

Hoe lang moet een Unieburger wiens verblijfsrecht door zijn gastlidstaat is beëindigd op grond van artikel 15 lid 1 Verblijfsrichtlijn, buiten het grondgebied van die lidstaat verblijven voordat hij weer een verblijfsrecht aan het Unierecht ontleent? Het Hof van Justitie introduceert in het FS-arrest het begrip ‘daadwerkelijk en effectief beëindigen van het verblijfsrecht’ als voorwaarde om een nieuw verblijfsrecht in de verwijderende lidstaat te verkrijgen en geeft een niet-limitatieve opsomming van omstandigheden om vast te stellen of het verblijfsrecht ‘daadwerkelijk en effectief’ is beëindigd. Zal dit criterium het beoogde evenwicht tussen de belangen van Unieburgers en lidstaten waarborgen?

HvJ 22 juni 2021, zaak C-719/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:586 (FS/Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid); Rb. Den Haag (zittingsplaats ’s-Hertogenbosch) 16 augustus 2021, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2021:4374.

In recent years scientific interest in various aspects of prison climate has increased exponentially. At first, such research was being initiated and undertaken predominantly within Anglo-Saxon penology but, more recently, research into prison climate is also increasingly taking place elsewhere, including in the Netherlands and Belgium. In this article the authors offer an overview of Dutch and Belgian research on prison climate. They discuss the literature from two broad angles: first, the characteristics of prisons and incarcerated individuals that determine the quality of prison climate; and, second, research on the impact of prison climate on inmates themselves.

Dutch prisons are not exempt from incidents. Despite the negative impact of violence on the safety of inmates and the chances of successful reintegration, not much is known about the prevalence of victimization in Dutch prisons and the characteristics of victims. Additionally, previous research has pointed out the overlap between victim status and offender status. In this contribution, the authors will discuss the prevalence of self-reported victimization among Dutch inmates and the characteristics of victims and victim-offenders. Data from 3,485 participants from the Life in Custody Study are used for this purpose.

Although reward systems are utilized in prisons worldwide, evaluations regarding their intended use are lacking. This contribution reconstructs the policy theory of such a system: Promotion and Demotion, as implemented in Dutch prisons in 2014. With a policy scientific approach the intended target group, means, goals and causal mechanisms of the system were delineated. The policy theory assumes three means, ten goals and 24 causal mechanisms. The policy theory is insufficiently empirically substantiated on a number of points and takes limited account of (cognitively) impaired prisoners. This accurate reconstruction offers a unique insight into the assumed functioning of a part of Dutch detention policy and provides starting points for international considerations of behavioral change in detention.

In this contribution we investigated:

1. What changes in the handling of immigration law suits has the corona pandemic led to?

2. What influence have these changes had on the role of first-line migra­tion judges?

   1. Has their working method been adjusted as a result of the corona measures? If so, does this still fit in their view and that of the parties to the proceedings within the requirements of a fair trial and the professional standards that apply to judges?

   2. Do the changes in working ­methods require different skills from migration judges?

   3. Are the changes in the handling of cases and the way of working, temporary or permanent?

This article reflects on the brilliant 1990-book of criminologist Herman Franke on long-term developments in the Dutch prison system from 1800 onward. A pertinent question is whether it is possible and adequate to use the discourse of ‘emancipation’ to catch the historical processes in total institutions. A comparison is made with parallel transformations in the institutional sector of mental health, a social field in which there has been a radical movement claiming better legal protection and more humane living conditions. Surely an improvement has occurred in the actual situation of prisoners and mental patients, but one has to be reluctant (or even sceptical) to frame this in terms of ‘emancipation’.

Prisoner’s agency is often marginalized in the Dutch history of the prison. This article concretizes how inmates could influence their own lives and the prison system in the first half of the nineteenth century. By focusing on interaction as an indicator of agency, it is possible to go beyond the traditional analysis of agency as a form of resistance. A multidimensional perspective, in which attention is paid to resistance, negotiation and cooperation enlightens the diversity in which prisoners’ agency is expressed. In this way, this article aims to disprove the persistent stereotype of the powerless prisoner in the historiography of the Dutch prison.

It has been proposed that when people perceive their treatment by criminal justice actors as more procedurally just, they will be more likely to comply with the law. Existing research mainly focused on the police or the judge. This longitudinal study examined how prisoners experienced their treatment by five different criminal justice actors using data from the Prison Project. The prisoners were most positive about the procedurally fair treatment by their lawyer and least positive about the treatment by the police. Additionally, the perceived treatment by the police was associated with the treatment by other actors at subsequent moments.

This article deals with restorative justice practices in Surinam. It is based mainly on anthropological literature and preliminary research findings of four indigenous villages in Surinam, and is part of a broader study of Indigenous and Marron communities. In these villages the age-old customary law approach to conflict remains a lively practice, especially in the rainforests where central authority has little influence. The author highlights a number of restorative aspects of indigenous (criminal) justice practices, such as the group conferencing model of the Krutu and the role of the community (rehabilitation). Other aspects are not at all restorative, such as cases of double punishment (ne bis in idem), corporal punishment and the lack of the possibility of appeal. Because the trend of opening the hinterland seems to be unstoppable, it is recommended to coordinate national law and customary law and improve cooperation between indigenous and central authority. The article gives some suggestions for reforming the Surinamese Penal Code.