Vanaf 1 juni 2019 kan de Hoge Raad het EHRM in concrete zaken vragen om een (prejudicieel) advies uit te brengen. Wat betekent dit voor civiele zaken? Dit artikel biedt een overzicht. Aan de orde komen onder meer het adviesverzoek door de Hoge Raad, de procedure bij het EHRM en de procedure na advisering door het EHRM.

Met de aankoop van aandelen in Air France-KLM hoopt de Nederlandse Staat de internationale bereikbaarheid van Nederland beter te borgen. Deze bijdrage bespreekt in hoeverre deze aankoop de positie van de Staat versterkt en hoe het huidige deelnemingenbeleid aldus verruimd lijkt te worden met ruimte voor nieuwe overheidsdeelnemingen.

Buddhism has very specific ideas about an idealized form of government in Asia. These ideas may be ancient but they very often play a part in the background of politics up to modernity. Even within republics where religious monarchy has long since disappeared, a certain supernatural foundation on the basis of which a government functions may still be present. Opposition to a government can often imply resistance to a world order that is actually of supranatural origin. This article focuses on historical dimensions of this phenomenon (the position of the Buddha, the origin of the monarchy and Emperor Ashoka), but also on modern forms (Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar). Concerning Myanmar, the recent developments around the Rohingyas are placed in a cultural perspective.

In deze bijdrage bespreken de auteurs de reactie van de Europese Unie op de hernieuwde economische sancties vanuit de Verenigde Staten (VS) op Iran. Deze sancties zijn in 2018 weer van kracht geworden nadat de VS zich terugtrok uit het Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, ook wel bekend als het Iraanse atoomakkoord. In het bijzonder gaan de auteurs in op de werking van de Europese blokkeringsverordening. Dit wetgevingsinstrument beoogt Europese bedrijven die handel drijven met Iran te beschermen tegen de dreiging van Amerikaanse sancties, maar zorgt eerder voor meer moeilijkheden.
Verordening (EG) 2271/96 van de Raad van 22 november 1996 tot bescherming tegen de gevolgen van de extraterritoriale toepassing van rechtsregels uitgevaardigd door een derde land daarop gebaseerde of daaruit voortvloeiende handelingen, PbEG 1996, L 309/1.

De geconsolideerde versie van wettelijke regelingen wordt niet in de vorm van die regeling zelf gepubliceerd, maar door eerst het vaststellingsbesluit te vermelden en daarna de geconsolideerde tekst van de regeling op te nemen. Maar díé tekst wijkt vaak in allerlei opzichten af van de oorspronkelijke, en moet dus ook niet als quasi-inhoud van het vaststellingsbesluit worden voorgeschoteld. Niet het vaststellingsbesluit, maar de regeling zoals die op een bepaald ogenblik geldt, is wat bij die publicatie aan de orde is.

In the present study, the role of genetic and cultural transmission in intergenerational continuity of rule-breaking behavior (RBB) was investigated. Based on the resemblance within 3,982 Dutch twin pairs, aged 13 to 17 years, the relative importance of genetic (G), shared environmental (C), and unique environmental (E) influences on RBB was estimated. Cultural transmission, the process of passing on knowledge, norms and values, can lead to similarities within families, and forms part of the shared environment of children growing up in the same family. The authors found no evidence for shared environmental influences, and consequently no indication of a role for cultural transmission. Genetic influences explained 60 percent of the variance in rule-breaking behavior at age 13 to 17, implying that intergenerational continuity at this age is mainly driven by genetic transmission.

In criminology, explanations for engagement in externalizing or criminal behavior are often found within the direct (social) environment of the individual. More specifically, family functioning, the quality of family relations and parenting strategies during childhood and adolescence are found to be related to the development of externalizing problems or criminal behavior over the life-course. Although less well studied, the opposite might also be true: externalizing problems or delinquency during childhood and adolescence may in turn also affect some important (family-related) transitions over the life-course, such as engagement in romantic relationships, the transition to parenthood, parenting strategies and broader family functioning. Not surprisingly, in life-course criminology there is increasing attention for familial similarities in externalizing and delinquent behavior. What underlies intergenerational continuity of criminal behavior? Under which circumstances behavior is continued over the course of generations? What is the role of the family? What is needed to break intergenerational cycles and facilitate earlier and more effective interventions? In this article, a literature review is provided on the role of the family in intergenerational continuity of externalizing or criminal behavior over the life-course and across generations.

In this introductory chapter we provide an overview of criminological research into intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour that currently is, and has been, conducted both internationally and in the Netherlands. The most important findings of these studies are also discussed. Next, possible explanations are discussed for intergenerational transmission of crime in general, and more particularly for families that are involved in more serious and organized crime. Moreover, possible ways in which intergenerational transmission of crime can be prevented are discussed. Finally, we give some directions for future research on this topic and will introduce the contributions to this special issue.

This study (N=921) examines whether living together with a criminal parent moderates the intergenerational continuity of crime. Results are mixed, but show that the intergenerational continuity of crime decreases when the child lived together with the criminal parent for a shorter period of time. This association is most strong for children whose criminal mothers live on a large distance from them. Longitudinal fixed effects models, however, show that these results are likely the consequence of between-individual differences and therefore do not reflect causal influences on the intergenerational continuity of crime.