The article gives an overview of the protection against dismissal according to Danish statutory acts and collective agreements.

Vanuit ‘Europa’ wordt aangestuurd op verdere eenvormigheid van het insolventierecht van de EU-lidstaten. De Europese ontwikkelingen in het insolventierecht worden in dit artikel besproken, waarbij wordt ingezoomd op vier civielrechtelijke onderwerpen: bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid, faillissementspauliana, de positie van zekerheidsgerechtigden en de rangorde van schuldeisers.

De Europese Commissie heeft via een Inception Impact Assessment de eerste stap gezet naar mogelijke harmonisering van het materiële insolventierecht van de lidstaten. De auteur bespreekt welke beleidsvraagstukken bij een dergelijk harmonisatieproces zouden spelen, de impact voor het algemene vermogensrecht en uit welke elementen een eventuele regeling zou moeten bestaan.

De regulering van privaatrechtelijke onderwerpen is grotendeels in handen van de nationale wetgevers van de Europese lidstaten. Als gevolg daarvan moet het Europese resolutiekader worden geïnterpreteerd en toegepast op een wijze die consistent is met het nationale privaatrecht.

De Taxonomieverordening creëert een gemeenschappelijke taal voor duurzaamheid en vormt de spil in een omvangrijk wet- en regelgevingspakket voor een duurzame financiële sector en economie. De auteur bespreekt de verordening en haar reikwijdte, alsmede de uitdagingen die in de weg kunnen staan aan een betekenisvolle invulling in de praktijk.

In the aftermath of the 2007 global financial crisis, regulators have agreed a substantial tightening of prudential regulation for banks operating in the traditional banking sector (TBS). The TBS is stringently regulated under the Basel Accords to moderate financial stability and to minimise risk to government and taxpayers. While prudential regulation is important from a financial stability perspective, the flipside is that the Basel Accords only apply to the TBS, they do not regulate the shadow banking sector (SBS). While it is not disputed that the SBS provides numerous benefits given the net credit growth of the economy since the global financial crisis has come from the SBS rather than traditional banking channels, the SBS also poses many risks. Therefore, the fact that the SBS is not subject to prudential regulation is a cause of serious systemic concern. The introduction of Basel IV, which compliments Basel III, seeks to complete the Basel framework on prudential banking regulation. On the example of this set of standards and its potential negative consequences for the TBS, this paper aims to visualise the incentives for TBS institutions to move some of their activities into the SBS, and thus stress the need for more comprehensive regulation of the SBS. Current coronavirus crisis forced Basel Committee to postpone implementation of the Basel IV rules – this could be perceived as a chance to complete the financial regulatory framework and address the SBS as well.

Duurzame investeringen winnen aan populariteit. Wetgevende instanties en toezichthouders stimuleren verduurzaming van de portefeuille van financiële ondernemingen in verband met klimaatrisico’s (‘groene zwaan’-risico’s), maar waarschuwen ook voor de risico’s die gepaard gaan met duurzame investeringen. De onstuitbare vergroeningstrend brengt het risico van ‘greenwashing’ met zich. Als antwoord op onder meer greenwashing wordt er gewerkt aan een Europees uniform classificatiesysteem omtrent duurzaamheid, ofwel een Europese taxonomie. Dit artikel bespreekt klimaatrisico’s, greenwashing en positieve en negatieve aspecten van deze taxonomie.

There is no clear answer to the question if corruption makes victims. Currently an (international) discussion is taking place about this matter. On the one hand it can be discussed that corruption in general does not know any direct victims and that corruption can even take place without any damage. On the other hand it is known that corruption can cause tremendous public and financial damage, with society as a whole as the victim of this crime, whether or not in primary gradation. In the underlying article these two perspectives will be discussed and applied on two cases. Special attention will also be paid to the impact and relevance of pointing out the victims.

Bierman en Kerckhaert onderzoeken de Conservatrix-casus en gaan in op de vraag of er, na de introductie van de Wet herstel en afwikkeling verzekeraars, lessen uit deze zaak zijn te trekken. Uiterst actueel, nu een aantal verzekeraars de afgelopen jaren (bijna) in de problemen is gekomen, meest recent Yarden in oktober 2019.

As our economies continue to focus on growth, competition and maximisation of consumer choice, the global increase in consumption takes vast environmental and social costs and cause irreversible harm to our climate and environment. The urgency of reducing human footprint and to diminish one of the root causes of a declining climate and environment is irrefutable. In the shift that globally has to take place, a decentralised energy system relying on more distributed generation, energy storage and a more active involvement of consumers form a crucial component of renewable energy solutions. The move from a highly centralised to a more decentralised power system involves an increasing amount of small-scale (intermittent) generation from renewable energy which is located closer to the point of final consumption. In order to steer consumption towards sustainability national governments and supranational organisations have adopted policies and corresponding legislation that address individual consumers as rational and active choice-makers who make socially responsible choices when they receive the ‘right’ amount of information. By relying on insights from modern consumption theories with contributions from sociology, this article questions the effectiveness and legitimacy of these ‘consumer-centred’ policies and laws. First, the article argues that the single focus on individual consumer behaviour as a rational and utility maximising market actor fails to take into account the complexity of consumption, which is fundamentally influenced by social norms and its broader institutional setting. Although consumers are willing to consume more sustainably, they are often ‘locked in by circumstances’ and unable to engage in more sustainable consumption practices even if they want to. Second, by relying on evidence from sociological studies the article argues that individual consumers are not the most salient actors in support of sustainable consumption. Even though the urgency of the energy transition and the critical role consumers play in (un)sustainable energy consumption is acknowledged in both the EU and its Member States, their laws and policies remain grounded on goals of economic growth with competitive economies, the sovereignty of consumer choice and wealth maximisation, instead of aiming at slower economic growth or even degrowth, reducing overall resource use and consumption levels and introducing radically different ways of consumption.
Third, the role of law is underlined as a social institution both as a constraint on the autonomous acts of consumption, dictating the normative frameworks within which the role of consumer is defined, and as a facilitator which consumers might also employ, in order to determine for themselves particular normative parameters within which consumption can occur.
The Netherlands, which serves as a case study in this article, has reached important milestones in its energy transition policy since 2013. Still, it remains strongly focused on economic rationality and market competitiveness. Even though various models of consumer participation exist and local consumer energy initiatives are flourishing and are recognised as key actors in the energy transition, they remain embedded in institutional, structural and behavioural settings where consumers still face challenging sociocultural barriers to sustainable practices.
In light of these legal, political and social complexity of energy transition, the article offers a critical analysis of the current Dutch law in its broader legal context of EU law in order to answer the question what the role of (energy) law is in steering consumers towards sustainable energy consumption.

De Verordening tot vaststelling van een kader voor de screening van buitenlandse directe investeringen in de EU (Verordening 2019/452) is op 19 maart 2019 aangenomen door het Europees Parlement en zal met ingang van 11 oktober 2020 van toepassing zijn. De Verordening stelt een raamwerk vast waarbinnen de EU-lidstaten en de Europese Commissie samenwerken aan de screening van investeringen van buiten de EU. Alhoewel de EU-lidstaten zelf verantwoordelijk blijven voor het al
dan niet screenen van foreign direct investments zal de Verordening waarschijnlijk zorgen voor een uitgebreider en langduriger screening proces omdat belangen van betrokken EU lidstaten in overweging genomen moeten worden.

The Singapore International Commercial Court (‘SICC’) was launched on 5 January 2015, at the Opening of Legal Year held at the Singapore Supreme Court. What prompted the creation of SICC? How is the SICC model of litigation different from litigation in the Singapore High Court? What is the SICC’s track record and what does it tell us about its future? This article seeks to answer these questions at greater depth than existing literature. Importantly, it examines these questions from the angle of reimagining access of justice for litigants embroiled in international commercial disputes. It argues that the SICC’s enduring contribution to improving access to justice is that it helps to change our frame of reference for international commercial litigation. Hybridisation, internationalisation, and party autonomy, the underpinning values of the SICC, are likely to be the values of the future of dispute resolution. International commercial dispute resolution frameworks – typically litigation frameworks – that unduly emphasise national boundaries and formalities need not and should not be the norm. Crucially, the SICC co-opts a refreshing public-private perspective to the resolution of international commercial disputes. It illuminates on the public interest element of the resolution of such disputes which have for some time fallen into the domain of international commercial arbitration; at the same time, it introduces greater scope for self-determination in international commercial litigation.

In this article we explore the approach of the Singapore International Commercial Court (the ‘SICC’) to jurisdiction and joinder of non-consenting parties, and way that any resulting judgments are likely to be treated by foreign enforcing courts. This novel juncture arises as international commercial courts, such as the SICC, rely predominantly upon party autonomy to enliven their jurisdiction over disputants. This does not require any territorial link of the parties or the dispute to the host jurisdiction (Singapore). At the same time, however, the SICC is granted a mandate under Singaporean law to join non-consenting parties, again with no necessary territorial link. Where such joinder occurs, any resulting judgment is likely to face significant difficulties if recognition and enforcement is sought outside of Singapore. To support this argument, we first set out the ways in which non-consenting disputants may be joined to proceedings before the SICC, and offer some initial thoughts on how these powers are likely to be exercised. Second, we argue that any such exercise of jurisdiction – that lacks either territorial or consent-based jurisdiction grounds – is unlikely to gain support internationally, by reference to transnational recognition and enforcement approaches, and the SICC’s most likely recognition and enforcement destinations. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks about the utility of international commercial court proceedings against non-consenting parties, including the possibility they may impact on domestic recognition and enforcement approaches in foreign States.

Staatssteun aan banken is in beginsel verboden en kan alleen door de Europese Commissie goedgekeurd worden. In deze bijdrage wordt beschreven hoe de Europese Commissie is omgegaan met staatssteun aan banken.

Member States may not impose mandatory liquidation on companies that wish to transfer their registered office to another Member State. A restriction on freedom of establishment may be justified by overriding reasons in the public interest, such as the protection of the interests of creditors, minority shareholders and employees, but a general mandatory liquidation goes beyond what is necessary to achieve the objective of protecting these interests.

In dit artikel over fraude & asset recovery wordt stapsgewijs aan de hand van een casus uiteengezet hoe via civielrechtelijke weg kan worden achterhaald waar weggesluisde vermogensbestanddelen zijn gebleven en hoe deze kunnen worden teruggehaald. Daarbij wordt niet alleen aandacht besteed aan de mogelijkheden die het Nederlandse recht daarvoor biedt, maar passeren ook enkele discovery tools uit common law jurisdicties de revue.

The purpose of this article is to investigate whether the notion of an interest should be taken more seriously than the notion of a right. It will be argued that it should; and not only because it can be just as amenable to the institutional taxonomical structure often said to be at the basis of rights thinking in law but also because the notion of an interest has a more epistemologically convincing explanatory power with respect to reasoning in law and its relation to social facts. The article equally aims to highlight some of the important existing work on the notion of an interest in law.

The phenomenon of victim participation in restorative justice (RJ) has been studied from two main angles: describing victims’ motivations to take part in RJ and studying the benefits that different groups of victims may obtain when participating in RJ. However, methodological limitations of former studies have impeded to offer conclusive answers to the question ‘for whom is RJ’. This article offers insights into these issues, focusing on the descriptive findings of a mixed-method study carried out in the context of victim-offender mediation (in Spain and Belgium) and assessed before the encounter (if any) took place. Findings suggest that, before mediation, victims’ personal characteristics tend to differ. The factor ‘victim-offender relationship’ also appeared as an important variable. Implications of these findings are discussed.