This article examines how the enforcement of dog biting incidents takes place in the Netherlands. Enforcement can be carried out using both criminal and administrative law. This practice is discussed, as well as where the bottlenecks in enforcement practice are. Finally, proposals are made to improve present practices.

Organizing dog fights is prohibited in the Netherlands. In such fights, two dogs have to fight each other, sometimes to the death. The animal suffering behind this is enormous. Little is known in the Netherlands about the phenomenon of dog fighting, both from a scientific point of view and through criminal cases. In this contribution, we outline the world behind dog fights by describing how dog fights work, who are part of the entourage and within which criminal infrastructure the dog fights take place. Finally, the problem is discussed and the current approach by the appropriate authorities is discussed and which gaps can be discovered.

De inbeslagname van een levend dier wordt beheerst door dezelfde regels die van toepassing zijn op levenloze voorwerpen. Omdat de stringente toets waaraan het beklag is onderworpen volgens de auteur in de praktijk tot onwenselijke uitkomsten leidt, betoogt hij dat met in beslag genomen dieren anders moet worden omgegaan dan met andere voorwerpen. Daartoe wordt een vergelijking gemaakt met de bestuursrechtelijke bewaring, wordt de machtiging tot vervreemding besproken en passeert de proportionaliteitstoets in het kader van beklagprocedures de revue. De auteur stelt voor de beklagrechter de mogelijkheid te geven teruggave onder voorwaarden te bewerkstelligen.

Criminological literature shows that criminals involved in organized crime benefit from positive images in the media. By opening a hospital or donating funds for the development of a football field they try to present themselves in a cordial way and as good citizens to the public. Using the media to present themselves as animal lovers is a very effective manner to go for public admiration and sympathy. In this contribution is investigated how this mechanism works and why it is so effective.

In this contribution is explained what the researchers have learned from developing a course for professionals regarding recognizing signs of radicalization among youngsters. Giving this training has given us insight into the knowledge and expertise that professionals possess. The participants in our training were all enthusiastic and competent professionals. The will to support these young people and their families is great. But we have also encountered some bottlenecks: there is not sufficient time to maintain contacts with informal networks and next to that we have noticed that professionals are often insecure, meaning that they don’t know how to handle a case and/or who to contact for further advice or another form of help in dealing with these cases. As a consequence professionals might feel isolated and left behind within the institutions that they are working in. For the future we would like to see that this problem of what in The Netherlands is referred to as ‘professional loneliness’ is addressed.

Shipbreaking is the dismantling of discarded vessels to reuse parts and recycle secondary raw materials. The majority of discarded vessels ends up on Southeast Asian beaches, dismantled without regard for the environment or human health. Our case study analyses the environmental crime of shipbreaking by using the theoretical framework of state-corporate crime as a frame of analysis. We focus on Germany and Greece as countries of origin and Bangladesh as a country of destination. Our findings show that shipbreaking is the result of a complex criminogenic interplay of economic and political actors on national as well as international level.

In the media one notices items on mistreatment of animals on a regular basis. These can cause intense agitation in the society. Think of the many horses that have been abused throughout the country in 2012. This case remains unsolved to this day. The question is: who does this, who are the animal abusers, what are their characteristics and backgrounds? After a long search in several registration systems of many institutions the characteristics and backgrounds of 97 animal abusers have been found. The data of the institutions have also been used to create an image of the nature and extent of animal abuse. Subsequently there have been interviews with several experts from different organisations to record their knowledge and experience and to indicate the results. The characteristics and backgrounds of the animal abusers are diverse. Their ages range from 7 to 85 years. The offenders are an average of 34 years old at the time of committing the animal abuse. Animal abusers are not notorious criminals. Half is reported to be the first offender according to police data. The other half commits all forms of crime. This includes the share of capital offenses (34%) and violent crimes (23%). Dogs are most often abused. The motives are diverse. Disappearing anger and frustration seems to be an important reason to abuse animals. Only nine people found that there was domestic violence in addition to animal abuse. An initial classification of types of animal traffickers in, amongst others, group planners, loners and sadists, has to be empirically substantiated.

Cruelty to and neglect of animals are criminal offences. In the criminal prosecution of perpetrators of cruelty to and neglect of animals, the court may impose an injunction on the offenders to keep animals for a specific period of time. In the Netherlands, this so-called ban on keeping animals (‘houdverbod’) can be imposed by the criminal court in the form of a special condition imposed in combination with a suspended sentence. In this article we present the results of a study into the frequency with which and the manner in which the ban on keeping animals is applied nationwide in the Netherlands. The study provides insights into the prerequisites for adequate application of the ban on keeping animals. In practice, the implementation of the ban on keeping animals in its current form faces some problems. The question is how the effectiveness of the ban on keeping animals may be improved and whether there are alternative ways to apply the ban on keeping animals that may serve the purpose better. The issue of the most effective form in which to implement a ban on keeping animals – also in the longer term – is a thorny one.

Artikel 2.2 lid 8 Wet dieren bepaalt dat een dier niet de nodige zorg mag worden onthouden. Overtreding van deze norm kan zowel strafrechtelijk als bestuursrechtelijk worden gehandhaafd. De ‘nodige zorg’ is echter een breed en vaag begrip. In het artikel wordt getracht aan dat begrip nader invulling te geven. Hoe kan nu worden vastgesteld of al dan niet de nodige zorg verleend is. Daartoe worden in de eerste plaats de wetssystematiek en wetsgeschiedenis besproken. Nu artikel 2.2 lid 8 Wet dieren een welzijnsbepaling is, wordt ook het welzijnsbegrip nader ingevuld. Vervolgens wordt het ‘nodige zorg’ begrip besproken aan de hand van jurisprudentie. Geconcludeerd wordt dat de vraag of de nodige zorg is verleend, in sterke mate wordt beantwoord aan de hand van het welzijn van het dier.

The relationship between domestic violence and animal abuse is called the ‘cruelty link’. In this article, this relationship is discussed from different perspectives. First, the literature on the cruelty link is reviewed. Second, victims of domestic violence and animal cops are questioned. Finally, the experience of experts in the field of animal welfare and domestic violence is discussed. The research findings support the relationship between domestic violence and animal abuse, but interpretation of these results should be drawn with caution. In order to come to a more detailed insight in different aspects of this relationship, further research will be necessary.

By introducing the historical concept of timescapes, we will investigate the transformation of a security to a risk culture in Dutch post war history. We will test Ulrich Beck’s paradigm of the risk society with respect to the Dutch policy arena, and we will analyze what drove this postulated transformation in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, not the 1970s/1980s, but the 1990s saw the onset of this change. Concrete trigger moments and the rise of a new populist movement around 1999 signalled the beginning of this new mode of risk governance that was consolidated after 2001. With this description, an attempt to historicize the development of an all encompassing national security culture is provided.

Richtlijn 98/44/EG verplicht lidstaten biotechnologische uitvindingen door middel van het octrooirecht te beschermen. De octrooieerbaarheid van dergelijke uitvindingen is echter controversieel. Allereerst zijn de traditionele vereisten voor het verkrijgen van een octrooi (nieuw, inventieve stap, industrieel toepasbaar) slechts moeizaam verenigbaar met biologisch materiaal dat doorgaans in de natuur al voorhanden is. Daarnaast bestaan ethische en morele bezwaren tegen zowel het idee als zodanig dat (menselijke) levende materie het onderwerp zou kunnen zijn van eigendomsrechten, als tegen de gevolgen van dergelijke octrooien. Tot die laatste categorie behoort ook het gebruik en dus vernietiging van menselijke embryo’s voor industriële doeleinden.Om tegemoet te komen aan dergelijke bezwaren bepaalt de richtlijn in artikel 6 lid 1 dat uitvindingen waarvan de commerciële exploitatie strijdig zou zijn met de openbare orde of met de goede zeden van octrooieerbaarheid worden uitgesloten. Lid 2 maakt onder (c) duidelijk dat hieronder in ieder geval het gebruik van menselijke embryo’s voor industriële of commerciële doeleinden moet worden verstaan.In zaak C-34/10, Brüstle/Greenpeace, heeft het Hof van Justitie zich moeten uitlaten over de betekenis van het begrip ‘menselijk embryo’. Het antwoord op die vraag bepaalt de reikwijdte van de ethische uitzondering van artikel 6 lid 2 onder c, en daarmee wellicht de verdere ontwikkeling van stamceltherapie, waarbij door middel van het gebruik van embryo’s geneesmethodes worden ontwikkeld voor neurologische aandoeningen zoals de ziekte van Parkinson.

Deze rubriek geeft een overzicht van recente wet- en regelgeving.

The notion that animal abuse and domestic violence are related has been existing for centuries. Recent studies in the United States, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands report evidence for this relation. In the western world, more than 50% of families have pets. They are often valued as members of the family. It is obvious that pets can be victims of family violence as well. The relation between animal abuse and domestic violence has many manifestations. Abused women reported violence against their pets, reported that their children abused the pets. Abused children, especially severely abused and/or sexually abused children, are more often than other children animal abusers. Animal abuse is often related to other violent behaviour or severe criminal acts later in life. Besides, animal abuse is an early diagnostic marker for psychopathology. Animal abuse is always a signal of a problematic situation. A greater awareness of the possible link between animal abuse and domestic violence could contribute to saving men, women, children and animals from violent situations.

In March 2008 the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality put forward a bill on animal welfare and animal health to the Dutch Parliament. In this bill five acts on kept animals are integrated. The authors discuss whether the integration is a goal in itself or means to an end. In their view the choice of legislation involved in the integration is not a logical one, and it is questionable whether this integration is necessary at all. Furthermore, the bill in its present form is not an adequate instrument to attain the policy goals in the field of animal welfare and animal health.

In recent years the Dutch radical animal movement has manifested itself through arson, threats and destruction of property. This article describes the rise of the radical movement and its tendency towards violence. While the animal movement has its roots in nineteenth century romanticism, the anarchism of the sixties and the squatting movement of the eighties gave way to a more radical animal movement. The anti-establishment movement of the sixties turned against intensive farming. When the punk movement of the eighties freed itself from an overwhelming sense of doom, it gave rise to a new attitude, which rejected drugs, alcohol, and meat. The so-called Straight Edge Movement developed into one of the driving forces behind the recent animal related violence. Hiding behind the facade of the Animal Liberation Front the activists are strongly convinced that they have morality on their side while targeting farms, cattle trucks, and animal test facilities. Many animal activists feel that Dutch law as it is, does not protect animals in a sufficient way. Another problem is that animal laws are hardly being upheld. Inspections of farms, slaughterhouses and transportation vehicles are rare, prosecutors usually give no priority to animal cases, and judges and the rare judicial sentences are usually extremely mild. This leads radical activists to a conclusion that one of them wrote on a wall: ‘There is no justice, just us’.