Implementing a restorative policy is a difficult job for schools. In schools based on sanctions teachers need to know the rules, but in schools based on restorative justice everyone, especially students, understands the rules and believes in them. The relation has priority. Such a school needs a vision on the restorative method for parents, teachers and students to solve unacceptable behaviour and conflicts. It focuses on self-discipline instead of discipline.

Schools are tasked with helping children to become socially competent(er), both in the on- and offline world. If conflicts occur, schools find out how they can tackle this behaviour and prevent it in the future. Schools cover various tracks here. More and more schools have understood that they can actively involve children and young people in their preventive and problem-solving approach. They integrate methodologies and programmes that give children and young people the opportunity to take responsibility when a conflict occurs. Some of these methods and programmes are looked at more closely in this article. The article concludes with a future-oriented dream that responds to some current educational needs.

Het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (EHRM of Hof) heeft in de periode van september 2019 tot en met augustus 2020 weer diverse uitspraken gedaan over gezondheidsrechtelijke onderwerpen. Veel uitspraken borduren voort op of geven een nadere uitleg aan zaken waarover het Hof zich eerder heeft gebogen. Tegelijkertijd komt uit de uitspraken van afgelopen jaar het beeld naar voren dat het Hof in toenemende mate belang hecht aan de beschermingsplicht van de overheid, in het bijzonder bij gedetineerden, psychiatrische en verstandelijk beperkte patiënten en personen die anderszins kwetsbaar zijn.

In law enforcement animal assisted interventions have become popular. Unfortunately in evaluation studies often animal welfare is not included. The question rises to what extent this work might be harmful for participating animals and what alternatives we may offer. In this contribution we describe how robots have been introduced and are being used in the world of care. Might robots be a good alternative for animal participation in risky situations in law enforcement? We conclude by raising a number of pertinent questions for further research.

This article investigates whether cyber delinquent behaviour of school friends, other offline friends and online contacts is related to cyber delinquent behaviour of individuals, and whether this relation differs for cyber dependent, cyber enabled and traditional crime. We used both direct and indirect measures of cyber delinquency of friends. We employed data from the first wave of a large-scale study on the causes of online delinquency among Dutch juveniles (n=889; mean age=16.8 years). The results suggest that both direct and indirect measures of levels of friend delinquency were related to levels of individual cyber offending. However, indirect measures had a stronger association with individual online delinquency than direct measures. This suggests that respondents make incorrect estimates of their friends’ levels of online delinquency. Moreover, no differences were found in the strength of the relation between individual online offending and indirect measures of online offending of school friends, offline friends and online friends. This suggests that friends of different types all play an important role in individual online offending.

Young people’s delinquent behavior remains a social problem of concern to parents, local residents, teachers, police officers and administrators. With respect to effective interventions, the dominant focus is on ‘what works’. Relatively little is known about ‘who works’. In this study, based on a survey of 679 vmbo-pupils, it was investigated to what extent receiving ‘sternness with love’ from a professional may contribute to mitigating delinquency. For this research, unique graphically supported measuring instruments were developed that enable participants of the target group – including those who suffer from mild intellectual disabilities – to independently fill out the questionnaire. The results based on regression analyses suggest that there is no support for the supposed contribution of the interaction between sternness and love or of the three-way interaction between delinquent friends, sternness and love in explaining the variance of delinquent behavior. The results further show that having delinquent friends is related to participants’ delinquency. The results of these analyses also suggest that the relevant professional’s approach with ‘sternness’ or with ‘love’ moderates the relationship between delinquent friends and committing theft.

Criminology, as an inherently interdisciplinary field, has built on anthropology (and other social sciences) in its development. This contribution addresses the question which insights in criminology have most been inspired by anthropology. First, it looks into the ‘criminal anthropology’ of Lombroso; then it embarks on an appreciation of the ethnographic research design within criminology (as first adopted by the Chicago School); and, finally, it assesses the link between anthropology, and cultural and global criminology. I conclude that anthropology has been valuable to our discipline on four levels: methodologically (in the importance of the ethnographic research design), theoretically (in its role in the development of symbolic interactionism and structuralism, for example), geographically (in the global scope of anthropological research), and analytically, in its experience with ‘doing ethnography’ in economically, politically and culturally embedded ways.

In dit redactioneel wordt het centrale onderwerp van dit themanummer toegelicht en wordt nader ingegaan op de bijdragen die in het nummer aan de orde komen.

In het recente arrest Stoian t. Roemenië oordeelt het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (EHRM) over de onderwijssituatie van een jongen met een beperking in Roemenië. Het Hof beoordeelt de zaak vanuit de redelijke aanpassingsplicht en besluit dat die niet geschonden is. In deze bijdrage bespreken en analyseren de auteurs dit arrest dat het Hof op veel kritiek kwam staan. Ze houden daarbij in het bijzonder rekening met het VN-Verdrag inzake de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap (IVRPH) en relevante voorgaande rechtspraak van het EHRM. In het arrest krijgen de principes van het IVRPH (opnieuw) een centrale plaats. De toepassing van die principes is minder eenduidig. Het arrest doet immers belangrijke vragen rijzen over de manier waarop het EHRM twee belangrijke IVRPH-verplichtingen inzake onderwijs toepast. Het IVRPH omvat onder meer de verplichting tot het voorzien van een toegankelijk onderwijssysteem en de verplichting in redelijke aanpassingen te voorzien. Die verplichtingen zijn er beide op gericht onderwijs toegankelijk te maken voor kinderen met een handicap. Tussen de twee verplichtingen bestaan echter belangrijke verschillen, onder meer inzake afdwingbaarheid. Het EHRM lijkt deze verplichtingen niet correct van elkaar te onderscheiden en aan de twee tegelijk te toetsen. Daarnaast is niet duidelijk hoe streng het Hof de verplichtingen van staten toetst in deze materie. De toetsingsintensiteit lijkt in Stoian lager te liggen dan in eerdere zaken. De auteurs besluiten dan ook dat het arrest geen echte zekerheid brengt over de standaarden die het Hof in volgende zaken zal hanteren.

The proposed Act on Citizenship Education requires fundamental reflection from several angles. The article provides a perspective from remarks describing the current age and a possible list of values for a democratic state. Important is also the perspective from educational freedom, on which topic several publications from the Onderwijsraad were issued in December 2019. The proposed Act (with the different versions of its explanation by the Minister) are critically evaluated and confronted with an alternative proposal.

Restrictions imposed by the state on the exercise of religion are always the result of a weighing of interests by a judge, an administrative body or a legislator. This weighing of interests is strongly influenced by the context within the exercise of religion take place. In this article four different spheres are distinguished: the internal religious sphere, the public sphere, the sphere of private institutions and the government sphere. The particular relationship that these spheres have with neutrality characterizes the balancing of interests. This explains and justifies why wearing religious clothing may be restricted in some situations and not in others.

Belgian Law mentions professional secrecy at different places. In recent years, professional secrecy has been nuanced or even eroded. It remains, however, an important item for certain professional groups, for some perhaps a privilege, for others a burden. Enough indications exist that ministers of the Protestant-Evangelical religion (pastors), even though they are not bound by priest-penitent privilege, are bound by professional secrecy. This makes it necessary to have a clear definition of ‘pastors’. Due to the relative ignorance about Protestantism in Belgium, this has taken some time. The article ends with the discussion of some practical aspects of the professional secrecy of pastors.