Some of the existential threats we currently face are global in the sense that they affect us all, and thus matter of global concern and trigger duties of moral global solidarity. But some of these global threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are global in a second, additional, sense: discharging them requires joint, coordinated global action. For that reason, these twofold global threats trigger political – not merely moral – duties of global solidarity. This article explores the contrast between these two types of global threats with the purpose of clarifying the distinction between moral and political duties of global solidarity. And, in the absence of a fully developed global democratic institutional system, the article also explores some promising ways to fulfill our global political duties, especially those based on mechanisms of collective intelligence such as CrowdLaw, which might provide effective solutions to these global threats while enhancing the democratic legitimacy of public decision-making. |
Zoekresultaat: 31 artikelen
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Global solidarity, Pandemics, Global Existential Threats, Collective Intelligence, CrowdLaw |
Auteurs | José Luis Martí |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Kroniek |
De hybride en het klimaatHet belang van Bruno Latour voor de criminologie |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 4 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Bruno Latour, ecocide, herstelrecht, antropocentrisme, antropoceen |
Auteurs | Marc Schuilenburg |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This chronicle discusses the importance of Bruno Latour’s work for criminology, paying attention to the role of technology and our relationship to nature. The author proposes to criminalize ecocide and advocates the use of restorative justice in dealing with environmental crimes. |
Article |
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Tijdschrift | Erasmus Law Review, Aflevering 1 2021 |
Trefwoorden | big data, big data analysis, data life cycle, ethics, AI |
Auteurs | Simon Vydra, Andrei Poama, Sarah Giest e.a. |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The adoption of big data analysis in the legal domain is a recent but growing trend that highlights ethical concerns not just with big data analysis, as such, but also with its deployment in the legal domain. This article systematically analyses five big data use cases from the legal domain utilising a pluralistic and pragmatic mode of ethical reasoning. In each case we analyse what happens with data from its creation to its eventual archival or deletion, for which we utilise the concept of ‘data life cycle’. Despite the exploratory nature of this article and some limitations of our approach, the systematic summary we deliver depicts the five cases in detail, reinforces the idea that ethically significant issues exist across the entire big data life cycle, and facilitates understanding of how various ethical considerations interact with one another throughout the big data life cycle. Furthermore, owing to its pragmatic and pluralist nature, the approach is potentially useful for practitioners aiming to interrogate big data use cases. |
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Bijzonder Strafrecht & Handhaving, Aflevering 4 2021 |
Trefwoorden | datakoppeling, privacy, opsporing, preventief politieoptreden, dataprotectierecht |
Auteurs | Prof. mr. L. Stevens, Prof. mr. M. Hirsch Ballin, Mr. dr. M. Galič e.a. |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In deze bijdrage doen wij onderzoek naar de vraag hoe preventief politieoptreden op basis van datakoppeling zou moeten worden genormeerd. Onze analyse is gebaseerd op het Sensingproject Outlet Roermond. Wij stellen dat bestaande wetgeving onvoldoende in staat is de privacy van burgers te beschermen als die burgers ten behoeve van preventief politieoptreden in een algoritmische risicogroep worden geplaatst. Om die reden moet nieuwe regelgeving mede worden gebaseerd op een nieuw concept: group privacy. Ook stellen wij dat een nieuwe wettelijke grondslag recht zal moeten doen aan strafvorderlijke basisbeginselen nu preventief optreden op grond van datakoppeling moet worden gezien als opsporing. |
Artikel |
Exploring narrative, convictions and autoethnography as a convict criminologist |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | convict criminology, narrative, autoethnography, reflexivity, post-colonial perspective |
Auteurs | Dr. Rod Earle |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Convict criminology draws from personal experience of imprisonment to offer critical criminological perspectives on punishment and prisons. In this article I discuss how some of these are aligned with questions of narrative and post-colonial perspectives in criminology. I use autoethnographic vignettes to communicate the experiences of imprisonment that inform the development of convict criminology, and I explore their relationship to narrative criminology’s interest in personal stories. |
Article |
2020/29 Legal status of electronic forms of employment |
Tijdschrift | European Employment Law Cases, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Employment status |
Auteurs | Andrzej Świątkowski |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The UK Employment Tribunals and England and Wales Court of Appeal (case [2018] EWCA Civ 2748) have ruled that any Uber driver who has the Uber App switched on, is in the territory where he/she is authorised to work, and is able and willing to accept assignments, is working for Uber under a worker contract. The UK courts disregarded some of the provisions of Uber’s driver agreement. They had been entitled to do so because the relevant provisions of the driver agreement did not reflect the reality of the bargain made between the parties. The fact that Uber interviews and recruits drivers, controls the key information, requires drivers to accept trips, sets the route, fixes the fare, imposes numerous conditions on drivers, determines remuneration, amends the driver’s terms unilaterally, and handles complaints by passengers, makes it a transportation or passenger carrier, not an information and electronic technology provider. Therefore the UK courts resolved the central issue of for whom (Uber) and under a contract with whom (Uber), drivers perform their services. Uber is a modern business phenomenon. Regardless of its special position in business, Uber is obliged to follow the rules according to which work is neither a commodity nor an online technology. |
Kroniek |
‘Partners in crime’? De rol van de antropologie in de criminologie |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2-3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | criminal anthropology, Criminology, anthropology |
Auteurs | Dr. Brenda Oude Breuil |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Criminology, as an inherently interdisciplinary field, has built on anthropology (and other social sciences) in its development. This contribution addresses the question which insights in criminology have most been inspired by anthropology. First, it looks into the ‘criminal anthropology’ of Lombroso; then it embarks on an appreciation of the ethnographic research design within criminology (as first adopted by the Chicago School); and, finally, it assesses the link between anthropology, and cultural and global criminology. I conclude that anthropology has been valuable to our discipline on four levels: methodologically (in the importance of the ethnographic research design), theoretically (in its role in the development of symbolic interactionism and structuralism, for example), geographically (in the global scope of anthropological research), and analytically, in its experience with ‘doing ethnography’ in economically, politically and culturally embedded ways. |
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | smart lamp posts, public values, data principles, digital entanglement, Quadruple Helix |
Auteurs | Dr. Bart Karstens, Linda Kool MSc MA en Prof. dr. ir. Rinie van Est |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The smart city is the urban ideal of our time. Yet its high expectations often run counter against the performance of smart city projects in practice. The Rathenau Institute has studied a number of such projects in the municipality of Eindhoven, a leading city with respect to digital innovation in the Netherlands. To ensure that data is used in a proper manner with respect for public values Eindhoven has applied several strategies, such as privacy by design and the active involvement of its citizens. It has also set up a number of principles for the digital society which helped to negotiate contracts with private partners. Yet the authors’ analysis shows that important legal challenges remain. Some of the principles require more detailed specification. The authors also found that the law is not yet fully appropriated to the new digital context and needs to be adjusted accordingly. |
Artikel |
Publieke waarden of publiek conflict: democratische grondslagen voor de slimme stad |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | public values, smart city, citizen participation, anti-technological protest, democratic legitimacy |
Auteurs | Prof. dr. Liesbet van Zoonen |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Public values and citizen participation are key terms in smart city discourse that are propagated by all its actors, from governments to corporations and civil society. Nevertheless, the design and development of smart cities are hardly ‘public’ as some publics and some forms of participation are never included. This is particularly visible in current protests against a key enabling technology for smart cities, 5G. These contestations tend to be considered ill-informed and irrational, while their methods are seen as conflictual rather than helpful. In this article the author argues that the public value approach to smart cities is rooted in a deliberative perspective of democracy, while the tensions that are produced by 5G and other forms of anti-technological protest are better understood as part of agonistic democracy. Such conflicts about the new smart technologies that are currently hidden from public sight need to be articulated and constructed as contentious issues for electoral politics, in order for the smart city to acquire its democratic legitimacy. |
Artikel |
Over het recht op de smart city |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | smart city, right to the city, technological solutionism, participation, disorder |
Auteurs | Dr. Maša Galič |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
While smart city initiatives claim to be ‘citizen-focused’ or ‘citizen-centric’, there are several troubling aspects of how citizenship and social relations are produced within them. First, they prioritize technological solutions to social and urban problems from the perspective of businesses and states, rather than serving local communities. With a focus on digital technology, they also exclude a wide range of marginalized publics from the possibility to participate in the smart city and only rarely address issues of social differences in cities. The smart city thus creates new or exacerbates existing challenges to the possibility of all city dwellers to fully enjoy urban life with all of its services and advantages, as well as taking direct part in the management of cities – in other words, it creates challenges for ‘the right to the city’. In this article, the author thus explores the notion of the right to the city in order to inform and recast the smart city in emancipatory and empowering ways, one that would work for the benefit of all citizens and not just selected populations. |
Titel |
Inleiding |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Auteurs | Dr. Mr. Marc Schuilenburg |
Auteursinformatie |
Artikel |
Psychomacht: hoe sturen data en algoritmen de veiligheid in smart cities? |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | psychopower, smart cities, Bernard Stiegler, Michel Foucault, security |
Auteurs | Dr. mr. Marc Schuilenburg |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article deals with the relationship of smart security technologies to broader modes of exercising power and subjugating individuals. It claims that the notion of psychopower is precisely what is missing from post-Foucaultian accounts of the smart city. In the article psychopower is defined as the manipulation of our consciousness in order to channel our desires toward ‘normal’ social behavior, drawing a line between what is ‘acceptable’ and what is ‘unacceptable’. Psychopower raises a series of concerns related to its democratic legitimacy and accountability as behaviorally informed conditioning of the mind runs the risk of constant surveillance, where human agency is diluted in a techno-utopian vision that promises to improve city-wide efficiency, decision-making, and security. |
Artikel |
Voorbij het polderen in de slimme stad |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | smart city, public values, civil servants, public involvement, anchored pluralism |
Auteurs | Dr. Jiska Engelbert |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Steering on public values in Dutch smart cities, let alone their regulation, is complicated. This article situates this difficulty in the vested interests that Dutch local authorities have in public-private smart city projects, and in the fact that public values are narrowly defined in relation to the technology; not in relation to a vision for the city in which its communities thrive. A way out of this deadlock, the article proposes, is to understand smart cities in the Netherlands beyond the typically Dutch consensus politics (the ‘polder’) and, instead, as part of a broader (urban) governance tendency to push urban technologies through the recital of fixed urban problems and public values. Consequently, state regulation of the (Dutch) smart city should principally enable (local) public and political involvement in defining urban problems and urban dreams, and thus in deciding the public values that are at stake. |
Artikel |
Van de gesloten smart city naar een open slimme stadLessen uit Quayside, Toronto |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Toronto, Quayside, Sidewalk Labs, open data, open smart city |
Auteurs | Saskia Naafs MSc |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The recently cancelled Quayside smart city project in Toronto by Sidewalk Labs is an example of a top-down, tech-driven, intransparant model of a smart city, where government and citizens got sidetracked in the planning process. This article analyses what went wrong and proposes an alternative approach. Experts in the field – from data scientists to philosophers, sociologists and activists – propose a different kind of smart city. The open smart city is based on principles of open data, public digital infrastructure, and civic participation. It uses technology to strengthen public values, civic participation and human rights, instead of undermining them. |
Artikel |
Digitale coproductie van preventie en opsporing met burgersEen verkenning naar de contouren van een nieuw beleidsregime |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid, Aflevering 2-3 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Digitale coproductie, digitaal burgerschap, digitale buurtpreventie, digitale opsporing, Technologieregime |
Auteurs | Steven van den Oord en Ben Kokkeler |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Over the years, the use of data and digital technology in neighbourhood watch groups for prevention and detection of crime and citizens initiatives to enhance public safety has increased due to social and technological changes of citizen participation in coproduction of safety and digitization of economy and society. This causes a transition towards a new technology regime, a shift from a ‘closed’ information and communication technology regime owned by governmental organizations towards (inter)national ‘open’ platforms, which in turn challenges the current policy regime. This transition creates new societal expectations and challenges, often with contrasting dynamics. For instance, citizens are becoming the so-called ‘eyes and ears’ for government in prevention and detection of crime in neighbourhoods, while professionals are increasingly expected to coproduce safety with citizens through new forms of prevention and detection. With the rise of data and digital technology such as platforms and applications citizens are increasingly enabled to take the lead and initiate collaboration and organize new forms of prevention and surveillance in their own neighbourhoods. |
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | PROCES, Aflevering 2 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Georganiseerde criminaliteit Organized crime, Ondermijning Drugs, Datascience Data science, Voorspellende indicatoren Indicators |
Auteurs | Dr. Patricia Prüfer en Prof. dr. Emile Kolthoff |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Increasing digitization and datafication lead to an increasingly important role of data in our society and to changes in the way institutions work and decisions are made. Although it can lead to changes in the type of crime (e.g. cybercrime), datafication also facilitates shifts from visible and registered crime to crime that has not (yet) been measured and registered, like manifestations of organized crime. Analyzing so-called big data can help to recognize new forms of crime, predict risk factors, and decrease the dark number of these forms of crime. |
Article |
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Tijdschrift | European Employment Law Cases, Aflevering 1 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Employment status |
Auteurs | Thomas Dullinger |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In Austria, a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) for bicycle deliverers has been in force since 1 January 2020. According to the contracting parties (the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and the Austrian Trade Union Federation), it is the first of its kind worldwide.1x https://www.vida.at/cms/S03/S03_4.8.a/1342616918551/kollektivvertrag/strasse/weltweit-erster-kv-fuer-fahrradboten-abgeschlossen. On this occasion, this article examines the legal basis for employment in this sector and whether this long-awaited step will really lead to an improvement for bicycle deliverers. Noten |
Artikel |
Datagedreven zicht op ondermijning in woonwijkenEen verkenning van de mogelijkheden om indicatoren te ontwikkelen om zicht te krijgen op ondermijning in woonwijken |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid, Aflevering 1 2020 |
Trefwoorden | Ondermijning, indicatoren, leefbaarheid, georganiseerde criminaliteit, stadsontwikkeling |
Auteurs | Jonas Stuurman, Emile Kolthoff, Joost van den Tillaart e.a. |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This contribution reports about a research in a medium-sized municipality on the possibilities of giving municipalities an instrument to determine at the earliest possible stage which neighborhoods are at (increased) risk of exposure to organized crime and its consequences. We are searching for indicators to measure that exposure to give direction to preventive measures. Our focus is on the erosion of structures and foundations of society as a result of activities of organized crime, eventually resulting in the infringement of the rule of law. It is therefore not about the phenomenon of organized crime itself, but about its effects on society. This requires clarification and measurability of the concept. In this first exploration, we focus on the following five manifestations of the effect of organized crime: The emergence of a subculture: not recognizing government authority; the emergence of takeover of power in the neighborhood; the emergence of vulnerable groups of citizens; the creation of the image: crime pays off; and the emergence of unfair competition. |
Article |
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Tijdschrift | Erasmus Law Review, Aflevering 2 2019 |
Trefwoorden | machine-generated data, Internet of Things, scientific research, personal data, GDPR |
Auteurs | Alexandra Giannopoulou |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Data driven innovation holds the potential in transforming current business and knowledge discovery models. For this reason, data sharing has become one of the central points of interest for the European Commission towards the creation of a Digital Single Market. The value of automatically generated data, which are collected by Internet-connected objects (IoT), is increasing: from smart houses to wearables, machine-generated data hold significant potential for growth, learning, and problem solving. Facilitating researchers in order to provide access to these types of data implies not only the articulation of existing legal obstacles and of proposed legal solutions but also the understanding of the incentives that motivate the sharing of the data in question. What are the legal tools that researchers can use to gain access and reuse rights in the context of their research? |
Article |
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Tijdschrift | Erasmus Law Review, Aflevering 4 2019 |
Trefwoorden | consumer, energy transition, social responsibility, Dutch law, EU law |
Auteurs | Katalin Cseres |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
As our economies continue to focus on growth, competition and maximisation of consumer choice, the global increase in consumption takes vast environmental and social costs and cause irreversible harm to our climate and environment. The urgency of reducing human footprint and to diminish one of the root causes of a declining climate and environment is irrefutable. In the shift that globally has to take place, a decentralised energy system relying on more distributed generation, energy storage and a more active involvement of consumers form a crucial component of renewable energy solutions. The move from a highly centralised to a more decentralised power system involves an increasing amount of small-scale (intermittent) generation from renewable energy which is located closer to the point of final consumption. In order to steer consumption towards sustainability national governments and supranational organisations have adopted policies and corresponding legislation that address individual consumers as rational and active choice-makers who make socially responsible choices when they receive the ‘right’ amount of information. By relying on insights from modern consumption theories with contributions from sociology, this article questions the effectiveness and legitimacy of these ‘consumer-centred’ policies and laws. First, the article argues that the single focus on individual consumer behaviour as a rational and utility maximising market actor fails to take into account the complexity of consumption, which is fundamentally influenced by social norms and its broader institutional setting. Although consumers are willing to consume more sustainably, they are often ‘locked in by circumstances’ and unable to engage in more sustainable consumption practices even if they want to. Second, by relying on evidence from sociological studies the article argues that individual consumers are not the most salient actors in support of sustainable consumption. Even though the urgency of the energy transition and the critical role consumers play in (un)sustainable energy consumption is acknowledged in both the EU and its Member States, their laws and policies remain grounded on goals of economic growth with competitive economies, the sovereignty of consumer choice and wealth maximisation, instead of aiming at slower economic growth or even degrowth, reducing overall resource use and consumption levels and introducing radically different ways of consumption. |