Dit artikel analyseert de rechtspraak van het Hof betreffende artikel 12 EG-Verdrag. Geconcludeerd wordt dat EU-burgers zich in andere lidstaten op artikel 12 EG-Verdrag kunnen beroepen in relatie tot in beginsel ieder recht of voordeel, ongeacht het beleidsterrein waaruit dit voortvloeit en ongeacht het antwoord op de vraag of het genot van dit recht of voordeel het vrij verkeer kan bevorderen. Deze ontwikkeling in de rechtspraak is te verwelkomen, maar roept wel een reeks van nieuwe vragen op aangaande onder meer directe discriminatie op grond van nationaliteit en zogenoemde ‘omgekeerde discriminatie’.

If a patient is not satisfied with any aspects of health care, he or she can file a complaint. In the Netherlands, as in other countries, there are several ways for handling patients’ complaints. One of the possibilities is to lodge a complaint with the medical disciplinary board. In 1997, the Individual Health Care Professions Act came into force. The main goals of this Act are to promote the quality of professional practice and to protect patients against unprofessional health care professionals.In 2008 research was undertaken into the experiences of patients (or others acting on behalf of them) with the disciplinary procedure. A sample of both complainants and practitioners against whom a complaint was lodged were interviewed about their expectations and experiences. The main conclusion is that for several reasons both parties are dissatisfied with the current procedure. This paper provides an overview of the outcome of the interviews. In addition, some concrete proposals are made regarding the improvement of the current disciplinary procedure.

Based on a prize-winning master thesis in criminology, this article describes how the Rwandan Government chose to bring to justice all suspects of (crimes during) the 1994 genocide. Accordingly, it was decided to turn to Gacaca, the traditional Rwandan method of dispute resolution, in order to reach reconciliation as well as justice. A field study indicates that, when asked whether they think Gacaca can lead to reconciliation and justice, the majority of Rwandans think it can. However, six determinants of reconciliation have been deduced from the interviews. Because Gacaca can only have a clear positive impact on one of these factors – the need to meet – Gacaca can not be considered as an appropriate mechanism to achieve reconciliation in Rwanda. It also appears that justice is not a determinant for reconciliation.