This paper provides an account of what makes age discrimination special, going through a set of possible justifications. In the end, it turns out that a full understanding of the specialness of age-based differential treatment requires that we consider together the ‘reliable proxy,’ the ‘complete-life neutrality,’ the ‘sequence efficiency’ and the ‘affirmative egalitarian’ accounts. Depending on the specific age criteria, all four accounts may apply or only some of them. This is the first key message of this paper. The second message of the paper has to do with the age group/birth cohort distinction. All measures that have a differential impact on different cohorts also tend to have a differential impact on various age groups during the transition. The paper points at the practical implications of anti-age-discrimination law for differential treatment between birth cohorts. The whole argument is confronted all along with ECJ cases. |
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Tijdschrift | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 1 2014 |
Trefwoorden | age discrimination, intergenerational justice, complete-life view, statistical discrimination, anti-discrimination law |
Auteurs | Axel Gosseries |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Artikel |
Verzet of collaboratie? Hoe de strijd tegen genocide kan bijdragen aan genocide |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 1 2014 |
Trefwoorden | Rwanda, genocide against the Tutsi, denial, politics of genocide |
Auteurs | Roland Moerland |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The politization of the concept of genocide by Western states has been severely criticised, because it has led to an impunity for genocidal crimes. In certain instances however, such criticism has contributed to the dynamic of victimization, instead of resisting it. The article discusses how Professor Edward S. Herman and journalist David Peterson’s staunch criticism of the politics of genocide amounts to a brazen denial of the genocide against the Tutsi which recycles much of the extremist discourse of the former Rwandan authorities that were implicated in genocide. In this case Herman and Peterson’s resistance against the politics of genocide has profound implications, several of which the article will address. |
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‘Resistance Through Rituals’, ‘Policing the Crisis’ and the present conjuncture |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 1 2014 |
Trefwoorden | conjuncture, neo-liberalism, hegemony, subcultures, exceptional state |
Auteurs | Dr. Tony Jefferson |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article deals with three questions. What did resistance mean in the 1970s and what does it mean today? Have the rituals of resistance changed over time? What is the status today of moral panic theory? These questions directly refer to ‘Resistance Through Rituals’ (1976) and ‘Policing the Crisis’ (1978). For that reason, one of the authors answers these key questions in a contemporary framework of hegemony, security and neoliberal politics, and points to the continuing relevance of the political and critical tradition of British cultural studies. |
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Tijdschrift | Law and Method, 2013 |
Trefwoorden | Bildung, cultural hegemony, international law, teaching |
Auteurs | Christine E.J. Schwöbel-Patel |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This contribution explores the possibility of teaching international law in a critical fashion. I examine whether the training which is taking place at law schools is establishing and sustaining a cultural hegemony (a term borrowed from Antonio Gramsci). I ask whether the current focus on technical practice-oriented teaching is a condition which should be questioned, even disrupted? In my thoughts on reorientations of this culture, a central term is the German word Bildung. Bildung refers to knowledge and education as an end in itself (John Dewey) as well as an organic process (Hegel), and therefore incorporates a wider understanding than the English word ‘education’. In terms of international law, a notion of Bildung allows us to acknowledge the political nature of the discipline; it may even allow us to ‘politicize’ our students. |
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Samenloop van erfrecht en adoptie in het Nederlandse internationaal privaatrecht |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift Erfrecht, Aflevering 4 2013 |
Auteurs | Mr. J.G. Knot en Mr. A. Mens |
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Tijdschrift | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 1 2013 |
Trefwoorden | natural law, property, rights of the poor, extreme necessity, necessitas urgens et evidens |
Auteurs | Marc de Wilde |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article examines what limitations to private property John Locke recognizes to protect the rights of the poor. As has been pointed out in the literature, Locke’s ideas on the limitations to private property have been influenced by medieval discussions about the rights of the poor and the principle of extreme necessity. Confirming this interpretation, the article shows that Locke borrows the distinction between ‘ordinary need’ and ‘evident and urgent necessity’ from Thomas Aquinas. Taking position in a debate among Grotius and Pufendorf, Locke argues that the poor have a natural right to the ‘surplus’ of somebody else’s possessions, and that this right becomes legally enforceable in case of ‘evident and urgent necessity.’ |
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Non-pecuniary damages: financial incentive or symbol?Comparing an economic and a sociological account of tort law |
Tijdschrift | Recht der Werkelijkheid, Aflevering 2 2012 |
Auteurs | Rob Schwitters |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Schwitters focuses on the differences between economic and a sociological perspectives on non-pecuniary damages. By exposing the alternative perspectives on this issue, he illuminates some methodological differences between both disciplines. Although law and economics has had a positive influence on empirical research, he questions the merits of this perspective when analysing non-pecuniary damages. Law and economics regards non-pecuniary damages exclusively as a financial incentive to realise optimal deterrence and maximisation of welfare. Alternatively, in sociology of law there is also attention for the symbolic dimension of law in which rules are seen as normative standards of behaviour. Compensation is a way to bring the wrongdoer to recognise that he has done wrong and has to compensate the victim, and to show the victim that his rights are taken seriously. Through a sociological lens, the adoption of an exclusively economic model of human behaviour has to be questioned. To what extent human behaviour is really influenced by either financial incentives or by normative standards of behaviour is an open empirical question. Finally, he argues that the decision to base our institutions (such as law) on economic underpinnings is a decision which itself cannot be based on an economic procedure of aggregating individual preferences and maximising welfare. |
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Tijdschrift | Law and Method, 2012 |
Trefwoorden | fact/value separation, vulnerability, relational jurisprudence, empirical methodology, normative methodology |
Auteurs | Maksymilian Del Mar |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Relational jurisprudence is an approach to law that situates it in five relational contexts: (1) relations between individuals; (2) relations between individuals and communities; (3) relations between communities; (4) relations between individuals or communities on the one hand, and institutions on the other; and (5) relations between institutions. Thus, part of what makes relational jurisprudence distinctive is its object: the study of law in the context of certain relations, including investigating what factors affect and influence the quality of those relations. Relational jurisprudence is also distinctive, however, in its method. One of its methodological commitments is to avoid the dichotomy, without losing the benefits of a distinction, between facts and values. In trying to avoid this dichotomy, the approach identifies and uses devices that have both factual and evaluative dimensions, called here ‘factual-evaluative complexes’. These devices are then used to investigate the quality of different relations. One such device is ‘vulnerability’. The argument of this paper is that at least some of law can be profitably understood as managing vulnerability, i.e. recognising some vulnerabilities as worthy of protection and others not, or balancing the protection of different vulnerabilities in different relational contexts. Avoiding the dichotomy while retaining the usefulness of the distinction between facts and values in the above-outlined way means that we ought to employ a mix of empirical and normative methodology in the study of law. |
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De evaluatie van Nederland in het kader van de Universal Periodic Review |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 6 2012 |
Trefwoorden | Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, human rights in the Netherlands, human rights policy, international human rights treaties |
Auteurs | P.A.M. Verrest en T. Dopheide |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) was created by the Human Rights Council in 2006 as a tool to evaluate human rights standards in all 192 countries of the United Nations. It should be distinguished from the reviews by treaty-based bodies. These bodies are composed of independent experts and monitor the implementation of the human rights treaties. The UPR, on the other hand, is a peer review among countries on the whole spectrum of human rights. The Netherlands was evaluated for the second time in 2012. This article describes the background and procedure of the UPR. It then focuses more specific on the session of the Netherlands, by giving an impression of topics that were raised, as well as some reflections on both the session and the UPR itself. |
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De inbreng van ngo’s bij het Nederlandse mensenrechtenexamenEen terug- en vooruitblik door Amnesty International |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 6 2012 |
Trefwoorden | Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, human rights in the Netherlands, Amnesty International, non-governmental organizations |
Auteurs | C. Mommers |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The UPR is an increasingly important instrument for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to advocate for the protection and promotion of human rights in the Netherlands. In this article, the way that NGOs have used the UPR in relation to the Netherlands will be discussed. This will be done primarily from the perspective of Amnesty International. The article first outlines how NGOs can contribute to the UPR process. Subsequently, it discusses the substantive input provided by Amnesty International for the review of the Netherlands. Finally, the potential impact of this intervention on the promotion and protection of human rights on the ground in the Netherlands will be considered. This impact will depend, inter alia, on the de-politicization of the UPR, the credibility of the process, the follow-up of recommendations made during the review and, prominently, the political will of the incoming government. |
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De relevantie van het Kinderrechtenverdrag voor minderjarige vreemdelingen |
Tijdschrift | Justitiële verkenningen, Aflevering 6 2012 |
Trefwoorden | Convention on the Rights of the Child, immigration, Dutch immigration law, family reunification, asylum |
Auteurs | C. van Os |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
All rights in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) apply to all children, therefore they also apply to minor foreigners in the Netherlands. Nevertheless precisely for this group a continuous fight needs to be battled to make sure they receive the protection provided by the CRC. This article provides an overview of the most important articles of the CRC where minor asylum seekers and migrants can appeal to. The article also stresses the fact that children who reside unlawfully in the country may not be discriminated against their access to socio-economic rights. Furthermore, the question whether fully integrated children should have the right to a residency permit is dealt with. Subsequently the Dutch policy with regard to family reunification is assessed alongside the CRC. At last the article elaborates on the tension between the ‘ultimum remedium’ principle (article 37 CRC) on the one hand and the policy concerning children in alien detention on the other. |
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Tijdschrift | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 2 2012 |
Trefwoorden | Messina, earthquake, state of exception, rule of law, progress |
Auteurs | Massimo La Torre |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Messina, a Sicilian town, was devasteted by an earthquake in1908. It was an hecatomb. Stricken through this unfathomable disgrace Messina’s institutions and civil society collapsed and a sort of wild natural state replaced the rule of law. In this situation there was a first intervention of the Russian Czarist navy who came to help but immediately enforced cruel emergency measures. The Italian army followed and there was a formal declaration of an ‘emergency situation.’ Around this event and the several exceptional measures taken by the government a debate took place about the legality of those exceptional measures. The article tries to reconstruct the historical context and the content of that debate and in a broader perspective thematizes how law (and morality) could be brought to meet the breaking of normality and ordinary life by an unexpected and catastrophic event. |
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Tijdschrift | Law and Method, 2012 |
Trefwoorden | epistemology (‘scientific’ versus ‘critical’), rape in criminal law, normative classification, empirical evidence |
Auteurs | Nicolle Zeegers |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article answers the question of why and in what respects a ‘critical epistemology’, compared to a ‘scientific epistemology’, offers the better alternative for criminal law investigations into rape. By resuming the recent debate concerning the importance of scientific truth in criminal law investigations the author shows that this debate overlooks the cultural values that are necessarily involved in many criminal law cases. Such involvement of cultural values will be illustrated with a historical overview of law cases concerning rape in the context of a heterosexual relationship. Whereas value-free knowledge is the ideal strived for by a ‘scientific epistemology’, the basic idea of a critical epistemology is that knowledge is theory dependent and not free of values. Therefore this epistemology offers the best guarantees for acknowledging the values that are necessarily involved in many criminal law inquiries. |
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Alles stroomt...?Over ‘cultuur’ in de culturele criminologie |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 0 2011 |
Trefwoorden | cultural criminology, essentialism, constructivism, structure-agency debate, globalization |
Auteurs | Brenda Carina Oude Breuil |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Cultural criminology has been criticized for not taking enough notice of classical anthropological debates on the concept of ‘culture’. This article responds to that. It analyses anthropological conceptualization from an initial essentialist to a social constructivist approach of ‘culture’. The constructivist approach can prevent cultural criminologists from focusing too much on ‘exotic subcultures’ and neglecting broader socio-cultural developments. The article treats the structure-agency debate and its relevance to cultural criminology. In conclusion, cultural criminology from a dynamic constructivist concept of culture is best equipped for studying crime and reactions to crime in the current era of globalization. |
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Mark of Cain op het voorhoofd van de jeugdige verdachte?Over stigmatisering en privacy in het jeugdstrafrecht |
Tijdschrift | PROCES, Aflevering 4 2010 |
Trefwoorden | privacy jeugdigen, stigmatisering, labeling, proportionaliteit, bescherming, overlast |
Auteurs | MSc LLM BA Maria de Jong-de Kruijf en Prof. mr. drs. Mariëlle Bruning |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Labeling van jongeren in het jeugdstrafrecht kan leiden tot stigmatisering. Stigmatisering van jongeren moet voor zover mogelijk worden voorkomen, ook in het jeugdstrafrecht. Verschillende recente ontwikkelingen in het jeugdstrafrecht, zoals de toenemende neiging om jongeren met probleemgedrag te registreren in databases en om naar aanleiding van dit gedrag in casusoverleggen met deelnemers afkomstig uit jeugdstrafrecht en (jeugd)zorg in brede zin gegevens uit te wisselen, leiden mogelijk tot meer stigmatisering van de jeugdige (verdachte). De ontwikkelingen die wij in deze bijdrage beschrijven zijn registratiesystemen, met name ProKid en JCO Support, justitiële documentatie en Halt-afdoeningen, casusoverleggen in de Veiligheidshuizen en groepsgerichte aanpakken. Deze probleemgebieden tasten de privacy van de minderjarige (verdachte) aan en leiden in mindere of meerdere mate tot stigmatisering. Wij zullen voor elke ontwikkeling bespreken in hoeverre sprake is van (te veel) stigmatisering en zo ja of en hoe dit zo veel mogelijk kan worden beperkt. |
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Naar een ‘rights based’ jeugdherstelrecht |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Herstelrecht, Aflevering 2 2010 |
Trefwoorden | Kinderrechten, Internationale Verdrag inzake de Rechten van het Kind, Jeugdherstelrecht |
Auteurs | Annemieke Wolthuis |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This contribution starts with an introduction of human rights, children’s rights and restorative justice. What are the links and differences between these concepts and how do they interrelate? An overview of human rights for children in international standards relevant to the discussion on juvenile justice, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and additional instruments, is given. It is examined how restorative justice fits in this framework. |
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DNA-afname bij jeugdigen: noodzakelijk in een democratische samenleving? |
Tijdschrift | PROCES, Aflevering 3 2010 |
Trefwoorden | DNA-onderzoek, jeugdigen, belangenafweging, proportionaliteit |
Auteurs | Davina Moerman |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Per 1 mei 2010 treedt de Wet DNA-onderzoek bij veroordeelden volledig in werking. De wet is ook van toepassing op jeugdigen. In dit artikel wordt onderzocht hoe het DNA-onderzoek bij jeugdigen in het strafproces is geregeld. De wetgever heeft weinig aandacht besteed aan de bijzondere positie van de jeugdige. De Hoge Raad heeft bepaald dat voor jeugdigen geen generieke uitzondering bestaat. De rechtbanken zijn geneigd de jeugdige anders te behandelen dan dat de wetgever voorstaat. Het DNA-onderzoek bij jeugdigen is in het licht van de mensenrechtenverdragen disproportioneel: de wetgeving dient te worden aangepast. |
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Potent Relatives. Ethnic Relations and Exclusive Rights in Kalimantan |
Tijdschrift | Recht der Werkelijkheid, Aflevering 03 2009 |
Auteurs | Laurens Bakker |
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The characteristics of mediation in injury-related claims |
Tijdschrift | Nederlands-Vlaams tijdschrift voor mediation en conflictmanagement, Aflevering 01 2006 |
Trefwoorden | Mediator, Mediation, Claim, Settlement, Model, Making, E-business, Binding, Contract, Geschilbeslechting |
Auteurs | Allen, T. |
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Tijdschrift | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Aflevering 2 2009 |
Trefwoorden | individual responsibility, collective responsibility, legal liability, responsibility and politics |
Auteurs | prof. Philip Pettit |
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This paper responds to four commentaries on “Responsibility Incorporated”, restating, revising, and expanding on existing work. In particular, it looks again at a set of issues related primarily to responsibility at the individual level; it reconsiders responsibility at the corporate level; it examines the connection of this discussion to issues of responsibility in law and politics. |