Food fraud is as old as mankind but has advanced in the last decades. Fraud regarding the gross composition of food has progressed in the direction of the addition of unconventional adulterants. Furthermore, consumers are more and more interested in how and where their foods are produced and pay price premiums for organic foods, fair trade, animal welfare considering, and sustainable food products. Since these products are very similar to their conventional counterparts in terms of composition, they provide an additional challenge. The knowledge regarding occurrence, type of meat fraud, causes and damage caused to the sector is limited. There is a need for extensive identification of the vulnerabilities and criminogenic factors. These insights offer leads for detection and prevention. The article deals with a first step into the inventory of these vulnerabilities and factors affecting meat fraud, by assessing fraud risks related to products, companies and the meat supply chain.

This paper provides an account of what makes age discrimination special, going through a set of possible justifications. In the end, it turns out that a full understanding of the specialness of age-based differential treatment requires that we consider together the ‘reliable proxy,’ the ‘complete-life neutrality,’ the ‘sequence efficiency’ and the ‘affirmative egalitarian’ accounts. Depending on the specific age criteria, all four accounts may apply or only some of them. This is the first key message of this paper. The second message of the paper has to do with the age group/birth cohort distinction. All measures that have a differential impact on different cohorts also tend to have a differential impact on various age groups during the transition. The paper points at the practical implications of anti-age-discrimination law for differential treatment between birth cohorts. The whole argument is confronted all along with ECJ cases.

This article provides a theoretical analysis of the label ‘resistance’. It sets out from the premise that the notion of resistance, although it has been current in criminology for some time, is still vaguely defined. We argue that resistance is not just a negative term, but can also be seen as a positive and creative force in society. As such, the primary function of resistance is to serve as a solvent of doxa, to continuously question obviousness and common sense. In the process of resistance we distinguish three processes: invention, imitation and transformation. The third stage warrants deeper investigation within cultural criminology.

Previously a model was developed whereby the evolution of dogmatic legal theory design can be made more explicit. This concerns, amongst other aspects, the application of the empirical cycle constructed by De Groot, which forms the final element of an evolution of the application of mundane knowledge to theory design. The starting point of this article is that this evolution must be ‘repeated’ during an academic study in empirical subjects. The objective is to investigate how this is done in the legal dogmatic education.

Proportionaliteit van wetgeving omvat zowel de rechtvaardiging van overheidsinterventie als de keuze van het middel ter bereiking van het doel en de effectiviteit van de maatregel. De bijdrage plaatst de proportionaliteitsvraag in de sleutel van de rechtsstaat en de bescherming van burgerlijke vrijheden. Beperken van vrijheidsrechten en ingrijpen in wezenlijke elementen van de maatschappelijke ordening mogen niet verder gaan dan noodzakelijk ter bereiking van een legitiem doel. Het proportionaliteitsbeginsel als toetssteen voor wetgeving is evenwel problematisch omdat maatschappelijke en politieke oordelen over de wenselijkheid van wetgevend optreden evenzeer meespelen en legitiem zijn. In deze bijdrage wordt uiteengezet dat desondanks proportionaliteit en daarmee ook politieke afwegingen over noodzaak en inhoud van een wettelijke maatregel door de rechter kunnen worden getoetst.

Eind juni 2012 is de nieuwe Europese Richtlijn 2012/18/EU aangenomen betreffende de beheersing van de gevaren van zware ongevallen waarbij gevaarlijke stoffen zijn betrokken, houdende wijziging en vervolgens intrekking van Richtlijn 96/82/EG van de Raad, kortweg de Seveso III Richtlijn.¹x PbEU 2012, L 197/1. De Seveso III Richtlijn vervangt per 1 juni 2015 de huidige Seveso II Richtlijn (96/82/EG).²x Richtlijn 96/82/EG betreffende de beheersing van de gevaren van zware ongevallen waarbij gevaarlijke stoffen zijn betrokken, PbEG 1997, L 10/13. De vervanging van de bestaande richtlijn is primair ingegeven door de noodzaak aansluiting te zoeken bij de nieuwe gevarenclassificatie ingevolge Verordening 2008/1272/EG betreffende de indeling, etikettering en verpakking van stoffen en mengsels.³x PbEU 2008, L 353/1. Enige informatie over deze verordening is te vinden op <rivm.nl> onder 'gevaarsindeling' en <agentschap.nl> onder 'onderwerpen', 'eu'. Zie voorts het rapport van SIRA Consulting 'Nederlands onderzoek naar de gevolgen van de CLP verordening voor het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven' d.d. 11 maart 2008. Deze verordening staat bekend als de CLP Verordening (Classification, Labelling and Packaging). In deze bijdrage ga ik in op deze en andere belangrijke wijzigingen en zal ik de implicaties voor de Nederlandse praktijk aanstippen. Dat de preventie van zware industriële ongevallen ook in Nederland nog altijd actueel is, moge blijken uit de brand bij het Seveso (BRZO) bedrijf Chemie-Pack op het industrieterrein Moerdijk in januari 2011.⁴x Zie hierover o.m. het rapport van de Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid 'Brand bij Chemie-Pack te Moerdijk' van februari 2012 (verkrijgbaar op <www.onderzoeksraad.nl>). Deze brand heeft niet alleen grote gevolgen gehad voor omwonenden in de verre omtrek, maar heeft ook aanzienlijke milieuschade veroorzaakt.

Noten

• 1 PbEU 2012, L 197/1.

• 2 Richtlijn 96/82/EG betreffende de beheersing van de gevaren van zware ongevallen waarbij gevaarlijke stoffen zijn betrokken, PbEG 1997, L 10/13.

• 3 PbEU 2008, L 353/1. Enige informatie over deze verordening is te vinden op <rivm.nl> onder 'gevaarsindeling' en <agentschap.nl> onder 'onderwerpen', 'eu'. Zie voorts het rapport van SIRA Consulting 'Nederlands onderzoek naar de gevolgen van de CLP verordening voor het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven' d.d. 11 maart 2008.

• 4 Zie hierover o.m. het rapport van de Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid 'Brand bij Chemie-Pack te Moerdijk' van februari 2012 (verkrijgbaar op <www.onderzoeksraad.nl>).

Until recently, legal-dogmatic research stood at the undisputed pinnacle of legal scientific research. The last few years saw increasing criticism, both nationally and internationally, levelled at this type of research or at its dominant role. Some see this as a crisis in legal scholarship, but a closer look reveals a great need for facts, common sense, and nuance. Critics usually base their calls for innovation on a one-dimensional and flawed image of legal-dogmatic research. In this article, the author subsequently addresses the various critical opinions themselves and provide an overview of the innovations that are proposed. He concludes that there are a lot of efforts to innovate legal scholarship, and that the field is more multiform than ever, which is a wonderful and unprecedented state of affairs. This multiformity should be cherished and given plenty of room to develop and grow, because most innovative movements are still fledgling and need time, sometimes a lot of time, to increase in quality. It would be a shame to nip them in the bud now, merely because they are still finding their way. In turn, none of these innovative movements have cause to disqualify legal-dogmatic research, as sometimes happens (implicitly), by first creating a straw-man version of the field and then dismissing it as uninteresting or worse. That only polarises the discussion and gains us nothing. Progress can only be achieved through cooperation, with an open mind towards different types of legal research and a willingness to accept a critical approach towards their development. In the end, the only criterion that matters is quality. All types of research are principally subject to the same quality standards. The author provides some clarification regarding these standards as well.

In biographies a structure perspective is common to place the key person in a context of time and place. Apart from opportunities and obstacles, also cultural frames for interpretation vary with context. In this article a second, interaction perspective is added. This can best be applied if the key person cooperates in the research and if an emic approach is used. A recent life history of Jan Hoolwerf demonstrates how the key person comes to various presentations of self that can be understood as poses that fit specific settings.

The central question of this article is whether biographies can be a source for criminological research on white-collar crime and how they can contribute to the explanation of white-collar crime. To answer this question, 35 Dutch biographies were studied. Following the legal ambiguities of white-collar crime, not all of these biographies are about criminal offences. And following the dominant anthropomorphic approach to corporate crime, some of these are corporate biographies. Many biographies confirm current criminological explanations of the causation of white-collar crime. Yet, biographies also offer additional insights, for instance about the causal relevance of the private life of white-collar offenders.

This article analyses a criminal family. It is not the individual, but the family as a social entity that is central to this approach. The Van D.’s are a family of eleven brothers with a collective history of crime. Raised with anti-authoritarian norms, violence, alcohol and a strong sense of loyalty, they were known as an ‘army of brothers’ dominating the streets of H-town. The criminal family as object of study proves valuable in understanding the influence of contextual factors, subculture, and stigmatization. In the case of the Van D.’s, blood ties create cohesion and conflict at the same time.

Globalization is commonly cited as an important factor in theorising legal phenomena in the contemporary world. Although many legal disciplines have sought to adapt their theories to globalization, progress has been comparatively modest within contemporary analytical jurisprudence. This paper aims to offer a survey of recent scholarship on legal theory and globalization and suggests various ways in which these writings are relevant to the project of jurisprudence. This paper argues, more specifically, that the dominant interpretation of globalization frames it as a particular form of legal pluralism. The resulting concept – global legal pluralism – comes in two broad varieties, depending on whether it emphasizes normative or institutional pluralism. This paper goes on to argue that these concepts coincide with two central themes of jurisprudence, namely its concern with normativity and institutionality. Finally, this paper reflects on the feasibility of constructing a ‘general’ and ‘descriptive’ jurisprudence in light of globalization.

Juvenile offenders are confronted with criminal records. When they want to start education, work or an internship after detention, they often need a certificate of good conduct. In the Netherlands in recent years it has become more difficult for youth offenders to receive this certificate; criminal records have a detrimental impact, in particular for sex offenders. International juvenile justice standards stress the importance of the right of youngsters to social reintegration and protection of the right to privacy and should lead to an adjustment of this policy of repression.

This article answers the question of why and in what respects a ‘critical epistemology’, compared to a ‘scientific epistemology’, offers the better alternative for criminal law investigations into rape. By resuming the recent debate concerning the importance of scientific truth in criminal law investigations the author shows that this debate overlooks the cultural values that are necessarily involved in many criminal law cases. Such involvement of cultural values will be illustrated with a historical overview of law cases concerning rape in the context of a heterosexual relationship. Whereas value-free knowledge is the ideal strived for by a ‘scientific epistemology’, the basic idea of a critical epistemology is that knowledge is theory dependent and not free of values. Therefore this epistemology offers the best guarantees for acknowledging the values that are necessarily involved in many criminal law inquiries.

In recent years, West European supermarkets have been playing an active role in the global regulation of food safety. They have developed several transnational food safety standards and compelled suppliers of food products around the world to acquire certification under these standards. Why and how did supermarkets do this? This article explores the emergence and evolution of transnational supermarket standards by analyzing the development of GlobalGAP, one of the most commonly implemented supermarket standards on farms throughout the world. In the literature, the emergence of transnational regulation is often attributed to one or two factors that play an important role at a particular moment in time. The main argument made in this article is that the emergence of transnational supermarket standards is best understood when it is studied as a process. The development of GlobalGAP includes four main characteristics which may be helpful in analyzing the emergence of other transnational private standards.

In the past decades the social intuitionist approach to moral psychology has eclipsed rationalist models. The social intutionist approach considers emotions to be a driving force in moral judgement, while reasoning most often functions as a post hoc rationalisation of the initial emotion. This article argues that the social intutionist approach is also applicable to the choice and preferences victims make and have while navigating the criminal justice system. This is illustrated through two recent evaluations of victims experiences in the Netherlands: an evaluation of the Dutch victim-offender encounters and the oral and written Victim Impact Statements (VIS). It is shown that participation in the former programme is a function of low emotional impact, while participants in the VIS-schemes present with high levels of anxiety and anger, and exhibit signs of possible posttraumatic disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed and framed in terms of the social intuitionist model of moral psychology.

The position of victims of crime has shown marked improvement over the past 30 years. The rise of the victim has been associated with the growth of a unified ‘victim movement’; a social movement that strives to improve the position of victims of crime. However, it is questionable whether the victim movement should be viewed as a unitary phenomenon. Instead of one movement, there appear to be a number of victim movements. There are differences between the victim advocates in the United States, Victim Support in Europe, the violence against women movement and proponents of restorative justice.. In this article, reasons for these differences are sought in victim-endogenous factors: differences in victims’ characteristics and the idealtypes employed by the different movements are an important explanation for the divergent development in organisations representing victims interests, which in turn influences their policy preferences. It is argued that advocates of restorative justice would benefit from understanding both the reality and the distortion involved in the idealtypes, including their own. This would allow proponents of restorative justice to adapt their practices in a manner that is both suitable and convincing to the representative and target group of the different victim movements.

Labeling van jongeren in het jeugdstrafrecht kan leiden tot stigmatisering. Stigmatisering van jongeren moet voor zover mogelijk worden voorkomen, ook in het jeugdstrafrecht. Verschillende recente ontwikkelingen in het jeugdstrafrecht, zoals de toenemende neiging om jongeren met probleemgedrag te registreren in databases en om naar aanleiding van dit gedrag in casusoverleggen met deelnemers afkomstig uit jeugdstrafrecht en (jeugd)zorg in brede zin gegevens uit te wisselen, leiden mogelijk tot meer stigmatisering van de jeugdige (verdachte). De ontwikkelingen die wij in deze bijdrage beschrijven zijn registratiesystemen, met name ProKid en JCO Support, justitiële documentatie en Halt-afdoeningen, casusoverleggen in de Veiligheidshuizen en groepsgerichte aanpakken. Deze probleemgebieden tasten de privacy van de minderjarige (verdachte) aan en leiden in mindere of meerdere mate tot stigmatisering. Wij zullen voor elke ontwikkeling bespreken in hoeverre sprake is van (te veel) stigmatisering en zo ja of en hoe dit zo veel mogelijk kan worden beperkt.

Het Europees farmaceutisch recht is in 45 jaar uitgegroeid tot een indrukwekkende verzameling van regels over onderwerpen die te maken hebben met de diverse aspecten van geneesmiddelen en de geneesmiddelenvoorziening. Ontwikkelingen op het gebied van vervalste geneesmiddelen, de behoefte aan structurele verzameling van gegevens over nadelige effecten van geneesmiddelengebruik en de behoefte aan publieksvoorlichting over geneesmiddelen hebben in december 2008 geleid tot een drietal voorstellen van de Europese Commissie tot wijziging van de bestaande regelgeving, die als één Pharmaceutical package zijn gepresenteerd.In het eerste gedeelte van dit artikel wordt in algemene zin een korte achtergrondschets gegeven van het Europees farmaceutisch recht en worden de belangrijkste pijlers aangestipt. In deel twee volgt een bespreking van de drie nieuwe voorstellen, waarbij de achtergrond en inhoud van deze voorstellen en de eerste conceptrapporten voor de behandeling in het Europees parlement aan de orde komen. In het laatste gedeelte wordt een aantal kanttekeningen bij de voorstellen geplaatst.

The primary goal of this article is to survey the various criminological study programmes in the Netherlands and Flanders and of the jobs students attain after graduating in criminology. The theoretical question posed is to what extent the enormous expansion of criminology over the last decade has contributed to the scientific development of criminology as a discipline and to better-informed crime policies. Though the answer to this question remains limited to an ‘it depends on how you look at it’ position, the author is not pessimistic. Taking into account the current grim penal climate and the fact that the criminologist is a relative newcomer on the Dutch labour market, the positions criminology students have been able to gain – with jobs within the police force, in research and policy-development as prime fields – give reason to be hopeful, if reflexivity and overview remain the primary educational goals and practical skills training is not seen as the ‘trick box’ for the ‘quick fix’ of the safety problem.

In Western languages those affected by crime are universally labelled as the sacrificed ones. This label is inspired by the suffering of Jesus Christ and evokes images of helplessness and meekness. It acts as hidden justification for the marginal, self-effacing role of victims in criminal procedure and restorative justice. The author argues for deconstruction of the stereotypical victim label and the creation of more space in criminal procedure for victims as autonomous parties. In his view the recent innovation in Dutch law of a limited Victim Impact Statement still gives victims insufficient voice. He also argues for a reconceptualisation of restorative justice practices as a supplement to the criminal trial rather than as a substitute.