In deze bijdrage wordt het recente voorstel voor de Digital Services Act besproken. De voorgestelde verordening is bedoeld om de digitale interne markt te versterken en, meer specifiek, de activiteiten van aanbieders van onlinediensten die draaien om de doorgifte, opslag en publieke verspreiding van informatie van hun gebruikers – zoals videoplatforms, onlinemarktplaatsen, sociale media en internetaanbieders – beter te reguleren. Het gaat onder meer om hun activiteiten ter bestrijding van illegale inhoud en desinformatie, hun aansprakelijkheid en hun verantwoordelijkheden jegens de gebruikers. We zullen zien dat het DSA-voorstel in verschillende opzichten ambitieus en vernieuwend is, terwijl het op andere punten eerder nuttig-maar-voorspelbaar en behoudend kan worden genoemd. Na een inleiding worden de voorgestelde verplichtingen voor de verschillende onlinedienstverleners achtereenvolgens besproken, gevolgd door enkele algemene opmerkingen.
Europese Commissie, Voorstel voor een Verordening van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende een eengemaakte markt voor digitale diensten (Wet inzake digitale diensten) en tot wijzing van Richtlijn 2000/31/EG, COM(2020)825, 15 december 2020

Henk Leenen besteedde al in zijn eerste gezondheidsrechtelijke studies aandacht aan de Europeesrechtelijke dimensies van het gezondheidsrecht. Hoe keek Leenen ruim veertig jaar geleden tegen deze relatie aan? En hoe heeft het Europees recht nader vorm gegeven aan het gezondheidsrecht en vice versa? Een analyse.

Prisoners often encounter multiple barriers when returning to society, resulting in higher risks of recidivism. To overcome these barriers, prison-based and community-based professionals assist with preparation for release. Prison-based professionals, such as the case manager and mentor, screen and monitor the problems regarding work and income, housing, healthcare, financial debts and valid identification. Community-based professionals, such as municipal officials, parole officers, healthcare professionals and volunteers, can provide additional and specialized help. First, this research discusses the current policy of the Dutch Custodial Institutions Agency (DJI) and the role of different types of professionals. Second, it presents a nationwide picture of the extent to which prisoners report contact with prison-based and community-based professionals, and to what degree prisoners appreciate this contact. The results are specified for various types of regimes and time served and are based on 4308 prisoner surveys of the Dutch Prison Visitation Study (DPVS), part of the Life in Custody Study (LIC-study). It turns out that most prisoners seem to be in close contact with prison-based professionals and that prisoners positively value this contact. However, contact with community-based professionals is limited and prisoners are somewhat dissatisfied about their contact with parole officers and municipal officials. Furthermore, the amount of contact differs across various types of regimes and time served. In particular, individuals who recently entered prison report less contact. To conclude, policy implications will be discussed.

Classic pragmatists like John Dewey entertained an encompassing notion of science. This pragmatic belief in the continuities between a scientific, ethical and cultural understanding of the world went into decline in the middle of the 20^th century. To many mid-century American and English philosophers it suggested a simplistic faith that philosophy and science could address substantive questions about values, ethics and aesthetics in a rigorous way. This critique of classic pragmatism has lost some of its force in the last few decades with the rise of neo-pragmatism, but it still has a hold over disciplines like economics and law. In this article I argue that this criticism of pragmatism is rooted in a narrow conception of what science entails and what philosophy should encompass. I primarily focus on one facet: John Dewey’s work on art and aesthetics. I explain why grappling with the world aesthetically, according to Dewey, is closely related to dealing with it scientifically, for instance, through the poetic and aesthetic development of metaphors and concepts to come to terms with reality. This makes his theory of art relevant, I argue, not only to studying and understanding law, but also to teaching law.

‘Illiberal’ is an adjective that is commonly used by scholars. For example, they might speak of ‘illiberal cultures’, ‘illiberal groups’, ‘illiberal states’, ‘illiberal democracies’, ‘illiberal beliefs’, and ‘illiberal practices’. Yet despite its widespread usage, no in-depth discussions exist of exactly what it means for someone or something to be illiberal, or might mean. This article fills this lacuna by providing a conceptual analysis of the term ‘illiberal practices’, which I argue is basic in that other bearers of the property of being illiberal can be understood by reference to it. Specifically, I identify five ways in which a practice can be illiberal based on the different ways in which this term is employed within both scholarly and political discourses. The main value of this disaggregation lies in the fact that it helps to prevent confusions that arise when people use the adjective ‘illiberal’ in different ways, as is not uncommon.

Sinds inwerkingtreding van de WAMCA kent de collectieve actie een procedurele tweedeling in een ontvankelijkheidsfase en een inhoudelijke fase. Inhoudelijke behandeling van de vordering vindt ingevolge art. 1018c lid 5 Rv pas plaats indien en nadat de rechter over de ontvankelijkheid heeft beslist. De vraag is in hoeverre de twee fasen los van elkaar kunnen worden gezien, nu elementen van de ontvankelijkheidstoets nauw zijn verweven met de inhoudelijke beoordeling. De auteur maakt een vergelijking met de Amerikaanse federale class action, die een soortgelijke problematiek kent, en betoogt dat een genuanceerde toepassing van art. 1018c lid 5 Rv aangewezen is.

Policy coherence in the area of safety and justice – A longitudinal analysis of service delivery per euro spent in the S&J sector during the period 1980-2016

In the safety and justice policy area, there is a strong intertwining between performances of the various sectors, such as police, judiciary and prison system. The question is whether policy takes these interdependencies into account sufficiently. Are the resources used – from a broader wealth perspective – optimally allocated amongst the various safety and justice provisions? The authors answer this question on the basis of an integrated time series analysis of the productivity development of the Dutch safety and justice system in the period 1980-2016. The analysis shows that productivity of safety and justice services has hardly changed since 1980. At best, in 2016, citizens will receive as much value per euro of taxpayers’ money as in 1980, but probably slightly less. It is striking, however, that the S&J system as a whole operates more efficient than the sum of its parts (the individual sectors). There have been substantial changes in the allocation of resources over time. Obviously money from the police was transferred to the judiciary and municipalities.

De auteur betoogt dat met de doelstellingen achter het informatiemanipulatieverbod van de Marktmisbruikverordening wordt beoogd het vertrouwen van het algemeen publiek, in tegenstelling tot slechts het vertrouwen van het beleggend publiek, te waarborgen. Een helder begrip van deze doelstellingen is noodzakelijk voor de effectieve handhaving van het informatiemanipulatieverbod.

Onderdeel van de economische schadeanalyse bij mededingingsinbreuken is de analyse van de doorberekening van de schade naar lager in de keten. Een ander onderdeel van de schadeberekening, dat in de praktijken tot op heden minder belicht is maar zeker een rol speelt, is het volume-effect. Dit betreft de situatie waarin de doorberekening van de kartelopslag naar de indirecte afnemers leidt tot een lagere vraag van deze indirecte afnemers. Dit artikel beschrijft de relevante factoren die de mate van doorberekening en de volumeschade bepalen.

Terrorism can only be brought to an end if Islam and the Muslim community are enlisted as allies in combating it. Underlying militant jihadism is a violent interpretation of Islam which can best be challenged with the assistance of Islam and the Muslim community. Since the effects of the current state-led approach are questionable, while its criminal law component is close to exceeding the limits set by the rule of law and turns Muslims into a suspect community, it is important to test by way of a pilot whether an approach based on Islam can reap more promising results.

La présente contribution vise à analyser les développements jurisprudentiels de la Commission européenne des droits de l’homme et de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en matière d’interruption de grossesse. Nous formulons une réponse à la question suivante: vu de l’évolution de la jurisprudence, quelles conclusions pouvons-nous tirer sur la position actuelle de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme sur la question du droit et de l’accès à l’avortement? À travers une analyse des décisions et arrêts rendus par la Commission et la Cour, nous étudions la façon dont les différents intérêts et droits s’articulent, à savoir ceux de la femme enceinte, du père potentiel, de l’enfant à naître et de la société. Au terme de cette étude, nous déterminons la marge d’appréciation dont jouissent les états membres en la matière, ainsi que la manière dont la Cour réalise une balance des différents intérêts en présence.

---
This contribution aims to analyze the case-law developments of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights in matters of termination of pregnancy. We formulate an answer to the following question: regarding the case-law developments, what can we conclude on the European Court of Human Rights’ current position on the right and access to abortion? Through an analysis of the Commission and the Court’s decisions and judgments, we study how the different interests and rights are articulated, namely those of the pregnant woman, the potential father, the unborn child, and the society. At the end of this study, we determine the member states’ margin of appreciation regarding abortion and how the Court finds a balance between the various concerned interests.

The public health systems of liberal states systematically fail to meet the goals and obligations of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which aims to facilitate full societal participation and independent life choices by all impaired persons, as well as the unburdening of their private caretakers. This failure does not stem from a lack of money or effort by governments and other societal institutions, but flaws in the anatomy of these systems. As these systems confine institutional assistance to the needs of persons with certain delineated disabilities, they neglect the needs of other persons, whose disabilities do not fit this mould. The responsibility for the latter group thus falls to their immediate social circle. These private caretakers are in turn seldom supported. To remedy this situation, I will present the alternative paradigm of vulnerability theory as the possible foundation for a more inclusive approach to public health.

Deze bijdrage verkent de consequenties van de COVID-19-crisis voor het fiscale toezicht door de Belastingdienst. De crisis en de lockdownmaatregelen hebben korte- en langetermijngevolgen voor burgers en bedrijven en consequenties voor het werk van de Belastingdienst als uitvoerder en toezichthouder. De psychologische en economische impact van de crisis en de gewijzigde werkwijze van de Belastingdienst kunnen van invloed zijn op de mogelijkheden en motivatie om belastingverplichtingen na te komen. Dit zal verschillen in de opeenvolgende fasen van de crisis. Onze belangrijkste conclusie is dat de Belastingdienst in de verschillende fasen sterk rekening zal moeten houden met de veranderingen in de context van burgers en bedrijven en meer dan voor de crisis zal moeten handelen vanuit zijn maatschappelijke rol.

De Nederlandse veehouderij staat volop in de aandacht door kwesties als mestfraude, dierenwelzijnskwesties en stikstofnormen. Dit roept vragen op omtrent regelnaleving onder Nederlandse veehouders, zoals welke regels zij al dan niet naleven en welke verklaringen hiervoor te geven zijn. Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is gebruikgemaakt van de data die zijn verzameld in het kader van drie casestudies naar regelnaleving onder varkenshouders, pluimveehouders en de betrokkenheid daarbij van dierenartsen. Deze studies laten zien dat de betrokken veehouders over het geheel genomen allemaal wel eens regels overtreden. Neutralisaties, strain en persoonlijke en sociale normen spelen daarbij een rol. De inzichten die deze studies opleveren, bieden diverse aanknopingspunten voor het versterken van toezicht.

This article presents an interdisciplinary comparison of British and German legal arguments concerning the justification of the use of force against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). It is situated in the broader framework of research on strategic culture and the use of international law as a tool for justifying state behaviour. Thus, a gap in political science research is analysed: addressing legal arguments as essentially political in their usage. The present work questions whether differing strategic cultures will lead to a different use of legal arguments. International legal theory and content analysis are combined to sort arguments into the categories of instrumentalism, formalism and natural law. To do so, a data set consisting of all speeches with regard to the fight against ISIS made in both parliaments until the end of 2018 is analysed. It is shown that Germany and the UK, despite their varying strategic cultures, rely on similar legal justifications to a surprisingly large extent.

Wrongful convictions and miscarriages of justice, their reasons and effects, only rarely become the subject of academic debate in Poland. This article aims at filling this gap and providing a discussion on the current challenges of mechanisms available in Polish law focused on the verification of final judgments based on innocence claims. While there are two procedures designed to move such judgment: cassation and the reopening of criminal proceedings, only the latter aims at the verification of new facts and evidence, and this work remains focused exactly on that issue. The article begins with a case study of the famous Komenda case, which resulted in a successful innocence claim, serving as a good, though rare, example of reopening a case and acquitting the convict immediately and allows for discussing the reasons that commonly stand behind wrongful convictions in Poland. Furthermore, the article examines the innocence claim grounds as regulated in the Polish criminal procedure and their interpretation under the current case law. It also presents the procedure concerning the revision of the case. The work additionally provides the analysis of the use of innocence claim in practice, feeding on the statistical data and explaining tendencies in application for revision of a case. It also presents the efforts of the Polish Ombudsman and NGOs to raise public awareness in that field. The final conclusions address the main challenges that the Polish system faces concerning innocence claims and indicates the direction in which the system should go.

The aim of the present research was to gain insight into the topic of ‘task-related rule-breaking behavior’ (TRB) among Dutch police officers. TRB is a more refined alternative for the concept of noble cause corruption and has been defined as: police officers breaking rules or formal agreements for the purpose of acting in a manner that contributes to the lawful police task. Qualitative research has been conducted within one of the ten regional police forces in the Netherlands. Results show that TRB appears to be a relatively common phenomenon during policework. Behaviors are categorized in sixteen categories and five overarching outlines. In addition, attention is given to several important factors that could be related to TRB being distinguishable between police officers’ individual responsibility and organizational factors. To handle TRB, it is recommended to pay attention to the police officers’ approach of judging and rationalizing their own behavior, their level of knowledge, and social skills. Furthermore, organizational structure (i.e., spam of control) and police leadership may, among other factors, play an important role in encouraging TRB. Especially the way supervisors deal with police officers’ professional autonomy needs specific attention in order to reduce TRB. Autonomy needs guidance in the form of clear orders followed by feedback and coaching. Also, an active form of ethical leadership is needed. An action framework is presented that could be helpful to supervisors to judge and thereby reduce forms of TRB.

In this article, we analyze which aspects of performance theory and the procedural justice-based model are explaining the trust of shopkeepers in the police and local government. Utilizing a survey of 156 shopkeepers and 94 semi-constructed interviews with shopkeepers, which are located at the South Shopping Boulevard in Rotterdam (The Netherlands), the study finds that shopkeepers have a relatively high trust in the police and local government. This is surprising because various attempts in the past 30 years to revive the high street by the government have failed to improve its bad image, as dwindling visitor numbers, poor turnover, limited range of retailers, empty shops and high crime and offence levels show only too plainly. The findings also highlight that ethnic minority respondents have more trust in local government than Dutch shopkeepers. The explanation therefor is sought in the dual frame of reference theory.