This article examines the desirability of implementing a registration system as a means of control on the discretionary space in police powers of stop and search. Firstly, the legal background concerning these powers is sketched, and the discretionary space therein is highlighted. This is then placed within the current social context in the Netherlands. Finally, the desirability of implementing a registration system in the Netherlands will be discussed by analyzing a similar system that has been implemented in the UK. We conclude that implementing a registration system is an essential step in coming closer to a solution for ethnic profiling.

Over the past few years attention is placed on the influence of immigrants and asylum seekers on the security of the state. Due to this development the Dutch Criminal Law and Immigration Law are ‘merging’. Immigration and safety policies are applied to exclude certain groups of people from society, generally immigrants and (ex)offenders. This article will reflect upon this process by showing the exclusion of people from Dutch society on the basis of article 1F of the Refugee Convention. This legal ground is used as a condition for exclusion and therefore it can be considered as pre-sentencing.

The attitude towards ‘the immigrant’ is changing. Where they used to be seen as a necessity, they are now looked upon with distrust. A consequence of this new attitude is the ‘merging’ of immigration law policy and criminal law. Examples of this in the Netherlands are a law proposal to criminalize illegal stay and a mandatory quorum of illegals that have to be deported each year. In our research we have compared the ‘crimmigration’ discourse in both Arizona and the Netherlands.
Arizona’s law SB1070 has been the main legal focus in the research. The enactment of the law has been cause of many protests. The public’s fear was focused mainly on civil rights violations; the legal discussion was focused on the federalism issue, brought to Courts by the Obama administration. However, with the Supreme Court handing down its landmark decision in Arizona vs. United States, the legal focus will shift towards the civil rights spectrum.
In the most recent elections in the Netherlands, the immigration question seems to have been pushed to the background. However, it remains a vital issue when placed in the context of ‘Euro-skepticism’, which has played a major role , as much of the immigration policy making is done by the supra national European legislator.
We have seen that in the American context the federal government has been a ‘mitigating factor’ in the crimmigration debate to counterbalance draconian immigration policy. We hope that despite recent Euro-skepticism the EU will have a similar mitigating effect.

This paper reviews the status quo of immigration law in the Netherlands in regard to the human rights of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Based on a thorough reading of the literature, Dutch detention law and policies aimed at immigrants are reviewed in relation to articles 3, 5 and 6 ECHR and 9 ICCPR to see whether they are compatible and whether a breach of human rights takes place in Dutch detention centres. Even though the ECHR has not yet ruled that Dutch immigration detention breaches drawn conclusions as to a potential breach of human rights, the writers of this paper argue that Dutch policy does potentially violate some of them.

The judge has a very important task in reviewing cases of immigration-related detention and guaranteeing the alien’s safeguards. This study examines the legal practice of reviewing detention orders from the theoretical perspective of crimmigration. Analyses of cases and interviews with judges show that the alien’s criminal background is not important for the review of grounds, but still of significance in the balancing of interests. In addition, the data reveal a protective gap in the reviewing mechanisms for aliens arrested on the basis of identification requirements. Moreover, the ultimum remedium principle proves to be a hollow notion, but the responsibility for its erosion lies largely outside the judicial practice.

Ever since prison overcrowding in Belgium emerged in the late 1980s, irregular migrants in prison were subjected to penal and migration policy initiatives. In this article, particularly (1) the opening of closed administrative detention facilities, (2) the periods of administrative detention in prison and (3) the installation of migration officers who identify irregular migrants in prison will be scrutinized. We will argue that besides a legal approach of the concept Crimmigration − as the convergence of Criminal and Migration Law and procedures − the evolution of the presented migration and penal policy in Belgium is a crucial aspect of the process of Crimmigration.

As a result of reported cases of child abuse by Roman Catholic priests and brothers in The Netherlands, a Dutch solicitor has formally accused the archdiocese of Utrecht and the diocese of Rotterdam of conspiracy. The charges being ill-founded were rejected by the public prosecutor. The present article points out that the charge of conspiracy was ill-considered and legally untenable under Dutch criminal law, because it could not be maintained that the archdiocese of Utrecht or the diocese of Rotterdam were parties to an agreement to commit the offences in question. Unfortunately child abuse and the tendency to keep it silent are a common problem in Dutch society, not only within the Roman Catholic Church, so it should be addressed accordingly. The Dutch Bishops’ Conference and representatives of congregations established in The Netherlands have set up a fact-finding committee under the expert guidance of the elder states-man Mr. Deetman to make an independent investigation into the facts and circumstances of sexual abuse of children within the ecclesiastical province of The Netherlands and to make recommendations for redress and compensation. The committee has submitted its report in December 2011. Like this the Dutch bishops and congregations have set an example how the problem of prescribed cases of child abuse within a complex social organization can be revealed and dealt with. For that purpose criminal law is a less appropriate instrument. It is satisfying to see that other organizations, religious and secular, have taken similar initiatives.

Zogeheten ‘nieuwe toezichthouders’ in de vorm van buitengewoon opsporingsambtenaren (boa’s) en particuliere beveiligers moeten in Amsterdamse en Rotterdamse trams service verlenen en huisregels handhaven. Bij overtreding van deze huisregels kunnen zij in het uiterste geval een openbaarvervoerverbod (ov-verbod) aan reizigers opleggen. Onderhavige studie laat zien welke haken en ogen daar in de praktijk aan zitten.

Against the background of a discussion of classical and modern concepts of punishment, the first implying the imposition of suffering as essence and the second encompassing all varieties of sanctions implying restrictions but not necessarily some form of suffering the author rejects the suggestion of the second concept, that punishment should be defined without any reference to imposing suffering. There are conceptual advantages to sticking to the classical definition of punishment, such as the fact that it is clearly differentiated from the concept of measurements, which are sanctions imposed without any demand of ‘guilt’ on the side of a perpetrator. Also there are good reasons to maintain the element of (imposition of ) ‘intended pain’ in the concept of punishment, but it is this element – the intentional imposition of pain and suffering – that makes the author reject the activity of punishing as unethical. Non-violent sanctions are conceivable and feasible and should on ethical grounds be preferred. This is explored with reference to the work of Tähtinen. In close connection with this idea the author argues that we should redefine criminal justice (in the Dutch language: ‘strafrecht’ meaning the right to punish and laws regarding punishment) to mean that it is the discipline that responds to crimes and offences, without any defining reference to punishment (‘misdaadrecht’, meaning the laws regarding ((responding to)) crime).

Het arrest P.I is de tweede zaak waarin het Hof van Justitie het begrip ‘dwingende redenen van openbare veiligheid zoals door de lidstaten gedefinieerd’ in artikel 28 lid 3 Richtlijn 2004/38/EG verduidelijkt. Dit arrest verduidelijkt de bevoegdheid die lidstaten genieten om het verblijfsrecht te beperken dat begunstigden van Richtlijn 2004/38/EG die gedurende een periode van tien jaar op hun grondgebied hebben verbleven. Het beeld dat opdoemt, laat zich vergelijken met de in het Nederlandse vreemdelingenrecht gebruikte glijdende schaal waarbij de duur van het verblijf, de ernst van het strafbaar feit, de maximumstrafmaat en de opgelegde straf bepalend zijn om tot beëindiging van het verblijfsrecht over te gaan.

Het te bespreken arrest betreft prejudiciële vragen gesteld door de regionale rechtbank te Brno, Tsjechië¹x Voluit: Krajský soud v Brně. met betrekking tot het gasgeïsoleerd schakelmateriaalkartel. Aan de orde komen de bevoegdheidsverdeling tussen de Commissie en nationale mededingingsautoriteiten op grond van Verordening 2003/1/EG en het ne bis in idem-beginsel.

Noten

• 1 Voluit: Krajský soud v Brně.

43 jaar na het Walt Wilhelm-arrest heeft de grote kamer van het Hof van Justitie zich in het Toshiba-arrest opnieuw uitgelaten over de onderlinge afbakening van bevoegdheden tussen de Commissie en de nationale mededingingsautoriteiten alsook over de betekenis van het ne bis in idem-beginsel bij de handhaving van het mededingingsrecht in grensoverschrijdende kartelzaken. De auteur bespreekt in deze bijdrage het arrest en de implicaties daarvan voor de afbakening van bevoegdheden binnen het Europese netwerk van mededingingsautoriteiten. Voorts wordt een aantal kritische kanttekeningen geplaatst bij het oordeel van het Hof van Justitie aangaande de toepassing van het ne bis in idem-beginsel in de onderhavige kartelzaak.

In deze bijdrage behandelt de auteur het voorstel om de Richtlijn marktmisbruik om te vormen tot een verordening en aan te vullen met een richtlijn betreffende strafbaarstelling van marktmisbruik.

Gynaecoloog; beoordeling handelen van verdachte rondom bevalling; schuld aan veroorzaken lichamelijk letsel en overlijden baby

Technological progress has a great impact on the lives of many citizens. The increasing amount of available information may however be used by criminals too, for example by burglars in their search for a suitable target. Applying the rational choice perspective and by means of an experiment with students, this paper first investigates whether it is likely or not that tools such as Google Maps and Google Street View are used for burglary. Furthermore, we investigate whether the considered target characteristics differ when such tools are used. The results indicate that we cannot give an affirmative answer to these questions so far.